Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/adᶻdʰáH

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Uncertain; perhaps from either Proto-Indo-European:

*Hedʰ-téh₂-h₁ (“said, announced”), from instrumental of *Hedʰ-téh₂, from *Hedʰ- (“to say”) (whence Sanskrit आह (ā́ha, “to say”), Old Avestan 𐬁𐬛𐬁‎ (ādā, “to say”)) + *-téh₂;[1][2]
*Hedʰ-dh₁-éh₁, from *Hedʰ- (“to say”) +‎ *deh₁- (“to bind”) +‎ *-téh₂;[1]
*m̥d-dh₁-éh₂, from *med- (“to measure, advise”) +‎ *deh₁- (“to bind”) +‎ *-éh₂;[3][4]
or *n̥-h₂n̥dʰ-téh₂ (“unblinded”), from *n̥- (negative prefix) +‎ *h₂endʰ- (“to be blind”) +‎ *-téh₂.[5]

Alternative reconstructions

*HadᶻdʰáH[1][6]

Adjective

*adᶻdʰáH[7][8][2][5][9][10]

known, true

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *addʰáH
- Sanskrit: अद्धा (addhā́, “truly, surely”)
  - Pali: addhā
Proto-Iranian: *azdáH[4][11][12]
- Avestan: 𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁‎ (azdā)
- Parthian: 𐫀𐫉𐫅‎ (ʾzd /azd/)
  - → Old Armenian: ազդ (azd)
- Old Persian: 𐎠𐏀𐎭𐎠 (a-z-d-a /azdā/)
  - Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾzd /azd/)
- Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾzdʾ /azdā/)
  - ⇒ Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾzdʾqryʾ /azdā-karyā/, “announcement”)
- → Aramaic: [script needed] (ˀzd), [script needed] (ˀzdˀ)[11][12]

References

Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 197
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*Hedʰ-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 222
Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 45
Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000), “*azdā-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 286–287
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “addhā”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 64
Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor (2017–2018) Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, page *azdā-: “1879”
Kent, Roland G. (1950), “azdā”, in Old Persian: grammar, texts, lexicon, New Haven: American Oriental Society, page 33a
Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2017) Einführung ins Altiranische [Introduction to Old Iranian]‎ (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, page 8
Windfuhr, Gernot (2010) The Iranian Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), Oxon, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 188
Misra, Bal Govind (1967) Historical Phonology of Modern Standard Hindi: Proto-Indo-European to the Present, Cornell University, page 50
Tavernier, Jan (2007), “*Azdā”, in Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, page 411
Hinz, Walther (1975), “*azdā-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 52

[Lipp-1] Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 197

[LIV-2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*Hedʰ-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 222

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 45

[ESIJa-4] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000), “*azdā-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 286–287

[EWAia-5] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “addhā”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 64

[6] Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor (2017–2018) Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, page *azdā-: “1879”

[7] Kent, Roland G. (1950), “azdā”, in Old Persian: grammar, texts, lexicon, New Haven: American Oriental Society, page 33a

[8] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2017) Einführung ins Altiranische [Introduction to Old Iranian]‎ (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, page 8

[9] Windfuhr, Gernot (2010) The Iranian Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), Oxon, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 188

[10] Misra, Bal Govind (1967) Historical Phonology of Modern Standard Hindi: Proto-Indo-European to the Present, Cornell University, page 50

[Tavernier-11] Tavernier, Jan (2007), “*Azdā”, in Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, page 411

[Hinz-12] Hinz, Walther (1975), “*azdā-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 52