Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱe

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Particle

*ḱi- ~ *ḱe- ~ *ḱo- or *-ḱe

Deictic particle, here
Post-positional demonstrative particle, this

Usage notes

The particle in Proto-Indo-European was indeclinable. Some daughter languages, particularly Balto-Slavic, Germanic and Armenian added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with particles *de, *h₁ew, and *gʰe.

Derived terms

*ḱinh₂?
- Celtic: *kina
  - Brythonic: *ken
    - Breton: ken (“as, so”)
  - Old Irish: cen (“without”)
    - Irish: gan
    - Manx: gyn
    - Scottish Gaelic: gun
*ḱíteros (contrastive form)
- Italic: *kiteros
  - Latin: citer
*ḱis (innovative i-stem pronoun)
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (ki)
- Balto-Slavic: *śis
  - Lithuanian: šìs
  - Latvian: šis
  - Old Prussian: schis, sis
  - Slavic: *sь
- Germanic: *hiz
- Italic: *kis
  - Latin: cis
*ḱos (innovative o-stem pronoun)
- Old Armenian: *սո- (*so-)
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (ka)
- Celtic: *koi (from the locative singular)
  - Primitive Irish: ᚕᚑᚔ (koi, “here”)
(possibly) *ḱom
*ḱi-h₂eh₃mr-
- Hellenic: *ťāmeron
  - Ancient Greek: σήμερον (sḗmeron)
*h₁é-ḱey-h₁(e)nos (formed with the augment *h₁é and pronoun *h₁enos)
- Hellenic: *ékeyenos
  - Ancient Greek: ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos)
*ḱye-sd-
- Italic: *kezdō
  - Latin: cēdō

Descendants

Italic: *-ke, *ke-
- Latin: -c (e.g. hic, illic, tunc)
- Latin: -ce (e.g. ecce)