Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰéyōm

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*ǵʰyṓm[1]

Etymology

From *ǵʰey- (“winter”) +‎ *-ōm.

Noun

*ǵʰéyōm f[2]

winter
year (as a measure of time)
Synonyms: *wétos, *yóh₁r̥
frost, snow
Synonyms: *snígʷʰs, *snóygʷʰos

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*ǵʰéyōm
genitive	*ǵʰimés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵʰéyōm	—	—
vocative	*ǵʰéyom	—	—
accusative	*ǵʰéyōm	—	—
genitive	*ǵʰimés	—	—
ablative	*ǵʰimés	—	—
dative	*ǵʰiméy	—	—
locative	ǵʰyém, ǵʰyémi	—	—
instrumental	*ǵʰiméh₁	—	—

Derived terms

*ǵʰ(e)i-m-ḗr or *ǵʰéy-m-r̥[3][4]
- ⇒ *ǵʰeym-er-i(H)nó-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeimerinós
    - Ancient Greek: χειμερινός (kheimerinós)(see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *heimrinos
    - Latin: hībernus, hībernum (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ձմեռն (jmeṙn) (from acc.sg. *ǵʰim-ér-m) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰímər
  - Ancient Greek: χῐ́μᾰρος (khímaros) (thematicized)
*ǵʰeym-eh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źeimā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰyem-os
- Proto-Celtic: *gyemos (see there for further descendants)
*-ǵʰim-os (“years old”, literally “winters old”) (often as a second member of compound adjectives)
- ⇒ *dús-ǵʰim-os
  - Proto-Hellenic: *dúskʰimos
    - Ancient Greek: δύσχιμος (dúskhimos, “of bad years; troublesome”)
- ⇒ *dwi-ǵʰim-os (“two years old”, literally “of two winters”)
  - Proto-Germanic: *twigimaz (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *dwihimos
    - Latin: bīmus
- ⇒ *tri-ǵʰim-os (“three years old”, literally “of three winters”)
  - Proto-Italic: *trihimos
    - Latin: trīmus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ȷ́ʰimas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-źʰimas
    - Sanskrit: -हिम (-hima) (ex. शतहिम (śatáhima, “hundred-year-old”))
  - Proto-Iranian: *-ȷ́ʰimah
    - Avestan: -𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀‎ (-ziiama)
      - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬋𐬹𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨‎ (hazaŋrō ziiam, “thousand-year (lit), millennium”)
        → Middle Persian: (/hazangrōzim/, “Zoroastrian millennium”)
        Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hznglwzym), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hcnklwcym)

Descendants

Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒄀𒈠𒀭 (gi-ma-an /giman/)
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ձիւն (jiwn, “snow”) (from gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós)[5] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *gōį̄
- Old Norse: gói (“late winter”), gæ
  - Icelandic: góa
  - Swedish: göja
  - Scanian: Gyja
  - Norwegian: gjø, dial. goi, goa, go
  - Danish: gue (dial.)
  - Faroese: gø (“Mars”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰimás (from gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *kʰiṓn (“snow”)
- Ancient Greek: χιών (khiṓn) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *hiom-
- Latin: hiems

References

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 294.1
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “hiems”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1620
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “jmeṙn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 436–337
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “jiwn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 434–435

[1] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 294.1

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “hiems”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1620

[4] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “jmeṙn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 436–337

[5] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “jiwn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 434–435