< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European
Root
*ǵenh₁- (perfective)[1][2]
- to produce, to beget, to give birth
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵenh₁-
- *ǵénh₁-ti (root present)
- Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánati
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati
- Sanskrit: जनति (jánati) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Iranian: *jánati [3]
- Eastern Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬰𐬂 (zå, “to give birth”)
- Northeastern Iranian:
- Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)
- Digor: зайин (zajin)
- Iron: зайун (zajun)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
- Bactrian: ζαδο (zado, “born (ppp)”)
- Khwarezmian: [script needed] (zʼd, “born (ppp)”)
- Sogdian: (/zan-/)
- Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (zn)
- Sogdian: [script needed] (zn)
- Syriac: ܙܢ (zn)
- Yagnobi: зан- (zan-, “bear, give birth; to be born”), за́нта (zánta)
- Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)
- Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: زوول (zōwul, “to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth”)
- Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: زات (zát), زای (zá(y)-)
- Kurdish:
- Central Kurdish: زان (zan), -زێ- (-zê-)
- Northern Kurdish: zayîn, zan, -zê-
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
- Caspian:
- Gilaki: [script needed] (zaan), زاج (zāj-)
- Parthian: (/zāy-, zāyad/, “to give birth to; be born”) [4]
- Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-) , [script needed] (zʼyd)
- Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
- Gurani: زای (zāy), ز (-z-)
- Zazaki: zayene, za-
- Caspian:
- Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: (/zādan, zāy-/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-/, “to bear, give birth to”)
- Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Y̠LYDWNtn'), [script needed] (zʾtn'), [script needed] (zʼ-)
- Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd), [script needed] (zʾy-); [script needed] (zʾyn-) [5]
- Classical Persian: زادن (zādan), زاییدن (zāyīdan), زای (zāy-); زایانیدن (zāyānīdan, “to be born”)
- Dari: زادن (zādan)
- Iranian Persian: زادن (zādan)
- Tajik: зодан (zodan)
- Middle Persian: (/zādan, zāy-/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-/, “to bear, give birth to”)
- Eastern Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati
- Illyrian: *Gentius
- Albanian: Gent
- Albanian: Gjin
- Albanian: gjind
- *ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)
- Proto-Celtic: *ganyetor (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay
- Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)
- Assamese: জগা (zoga)
- Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
- Avestan: zaiiāite (zaiiāite)
- ⇒ Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zaiiaiti)
- Avestan: zaiiāite (zaiiāite)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay
- *ǵénh₁-ye-tor (deponent ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *géňňomai
- Ancient Greek: γείνομαι (geínomai)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Sanskrit: जन्यते (janyate)
- Proto-Hellenic: *géňňomai
- *ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- Vedic Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat)
- Proto-Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬰𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (zīzanəṇti)
- Pashto: زېږېدل (zēẓ̌ēdəl, “to be born”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- Proto-Hellenic: *gígnomai
- Ancient Greek: γίγνομαι (gígnomai)
- Proto-Italic: *gignō
- Latin: gignō
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- *ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr
- Latin: gnāscor, nāscor (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr
- *ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)
- *ǵónh₁-o-s
- *ǵonh₁-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́
- Ancient Greek: γονή (gonḗ)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́
- *ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os (“race, lineage”)
- *ǵenh₁-es-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *genehā́
- Ancient Greek: γενεᾱ́ (geneā́)
- Proto-Hellenic: *genehā́
- *ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)
- *ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)
- *ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)
- *ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es (“parent”)
- *ǵn̥h₁-yo-
- Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)
- Proto-Germanic: *kuningaz (“king”)
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: genius
- Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)
- *ǵn̥h₁-i-wo-
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: naevus, Gnaeus
- Proto-Italic:
- *ǵenh₁-tl-eh₂
- Old Armenian: ծնաւղ (cnawł, “parent”)
- *ǵenh₁-dʰl-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: γένεθλον (génethlon), γενέθλη (genéthlē), γενέθλιος (genéthlios)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *pro-ǵenh₁-ti-eh₂
- Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”) [6]
- Eastern Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)
- Northeastern Iranian:
- Sogdo-Bacterian:
- Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”), φοροζινδο (forozindo)
- Sogdian: (/fsāndē/, “child”) (from *frazantaka) [7]
- Sogdian: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk), [script needed] (βsʾntk)
- Sogdo-Bacterian:
- Southeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)
- Sarikoli: [script needed] (rajen)
- Shughni: [script needed] (rizīn)
- Bartangi-Oroshori:
- Bartangi: [script needed] (razen)
- Oroshori: [script needed] (rizīn)
- Roshani-Khufi:
- Khufi: [script needed] (rizoen)
- Roshani: [script needed] (rizēn)
- Bartangi-Oroshori:
- Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)
- Northwestern Iranian:
- Parthian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)
- Parthian: [script needed] (frzynd)
- Parthian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)
- Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)
- Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd), [script needed] (prẕnd)
- Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd), [script needed] (przynd)
- Classical Persian: فرزند (farzand)
- Dari: فرزند (farzand)
- Iranian Persian: فرزند (farzand)
- Tajik: фарзанд (farzand)
- → Pashto: فرزند (farzánd, “(poetry) son; child”)
- Middle Persian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)
- Eastern Iranian:
- Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”) [6]
- Unsorted formations:
- Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)
- Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”) (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian:
- Indo-Aryan:
- Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)
- Sanskrit: जा (jā́, “race, tribe”)
- Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)
- Sanskrit: जना (janā, “birth, origin”)
- Sanskrit: जनि (jáni, “birth, production, birthplace”)
- Sanskrit: जनी (jánī)
- Sanskrit: जननी (jananī, “mother”)
- Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)
- Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñātí, “kinsman”)
- Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)
- Sanskrit: जन्य (jánya, janyá, “people, community, nation”)
- Sanskrit: जनुस् (janús, janū́s, “birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind”)
- Sanskrit: जनुषा (januṣā, “necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth”)
- Sanskrit: जनू (janū́, “birth, descent”)
- ⇒ Sanskrit: जनु (janu, “soul”)
- Sanskrit: जेन्य (jénya, “of noble origin; genuine”)
- Sanskrit: जातु (jā́tu, jātú, “at all, ever, perhaps”)
- Sanskrit: जात्य (jā́tya, “legitimate; of a good family”)
- Sanskrit: जनता (janátā, “people, folk; generation”)
- Sanskrit: जनन (jánana, “progenitor, production, birth, race”)
- Sanskrit: जज्ञि (jájñi, “germinating, shooting; seed”)
- Sanskrit: जन्मिन् (janmin, “creature”)
- Sanskrit: जानुका (jā́nukā, “bringing forth; woman”)
- Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)
- Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)
- Proto-Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎 (zantu, “tribe, race”)
- Indo-Aryan:
References
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.
- Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionaroy Of Manichaeain Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.
- Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionaroy Of Manichaeain Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.
- Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.
- Gharib, B. (1995), “βsʾntʾk”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 112