< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ís
 | This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Pronoun
*ís or *h₁e
- the (just named, anaphoric). This demonstrative was used instead of a third-person pronoun.
Declension
| Andrew Sihler's reconstruction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | *ís | *íh₂ | *íd | *éyes | *íh₂es | *íh₂ |
| accusative | *ím | *íh₂m | *íd | *íns | *íh₂ms | *íh₂ |
| genitive | *ésyo | *ésyeh₂s | *ésyo | *éysom | *éysom | *éysom |
| ablative | *ésmod | *ésyeh₂s | *ésyo | *éysom | *éysom | *éysom |
| dative | *ésmey | *ésyeh₂ey | *ésmey | *eybʰ- | *eybʰ- | *eybʰ- |
| locative | *ésmi | *? | *ésmi | *eysu | *eysu | *eysu |
| Donald Ringe's reconstruction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | *éy | *íh₂ | *íd | *éyes | *íh₂es (?) | *íh₂ |
| accusative | *ím | *íh₂m̥ | *íd | *íns | *íh₂n̥s (?) | *íh₂ |
| genitive | *ésyo | *ésyeh₂s | *ésyo | *éysoHom | *íh₂soHom | *éysoHom |
| ablative | *ésmead (?) | *ésyeh₂s | *ésmead (?) | *éymos | *íh₂mos | *éymos |
| dative | *ésmey | *ésyeh₂ey | *ésmey | *éymos | *íh₂mos | *éymos |
| locative | *ésmi | *ésyeh₂(i) | *ésmi | *éysu | *íh₂su | *éysu |
| instrumental | *íh₁ | ? | *íh₁ | *éybʰi | *íh₂bʰi | *éybʰi |
| Robert Beekes' reconstruction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | *h₁e | *ih₂ | *id | *h₁ey | *ih₂es | *ih₂ |
| accusative | *im | *ih₂m̥ | *id | *ins | *ih₂n̥s | *ih₂ |
| genitive | *h₁éso | *h₁eseh₂s (?) | *h₁éso | *h₁éso(m) | *h₁éso(m) | *h₁éso(m) |
| ablative | *h₁esmōd | *h₁esmōd | *h₁esmōd | *h₁eyos | *h₁eyos | *h₁eyos |
| dative | *h₁esmōy | *h₁esieh₂ey | *h₁esmōy | *h₁eymus | *h₁eymus | *h₁eymus |
| locative | *h₁esmi | *h₁esyeh₂i | *h₁esmi | *h₁eysu | *h₁eysu | *h₁eysu |
| instrumental | *h₁ey (?) | *h₁ey (?) | *h₁ey (?) | *h₁eybʰi | *h₁eybʰi | *h₁eybʰi |
Derived terms
- *(h₁)yós (“which”)
- *(h₁)óy-nos, *(h₁)óy-wos, *(h₁)óy-kos (“one”)
- *h₁í-tero-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hítaras
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hítaras
- Sanskrit: इतर (ítara)
- Pali: itara
- →Tatsama:
- Gujarati: ઇતર (itar)
- Hindi: इतर (itar)
- Marathi: इतर (itar)
- Tamil: இதரம் (itaram)
- Sanskrit: इतर (ítara)
- Proto-Iranian: *Hítarah
- Gurani: تر (tir)
- Kurdish:
- Central Kurdish: تر (tir)
- Southern Kurdish: تر (tir)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hítaras
- Proto-Italic: *iteros, *iterom (adverbial accusative)
- Latin: iterum
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hítaras
- *h₁i-wr̥ (“in the manner of, like”)
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒄿𒉿𒅈
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hiwa (< *h₁i-wn̥?)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiwa
- Sanskrit: इव (iva) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiwa
- Proto-Anatolian:
- ⇒? *ḱ-ís
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *is
- Latgalian: is, jis, jei
- Lithuanian: jis
- Proto-Slavic: *jь (< *yós) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *es (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *iz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ayám
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ayám
- Sanskrit: अयम् m (ayám), इयम् f (iyam), इदम् n (idam)
- Proto-Iranian: *ayám
- Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬇𐬨 (aiiə̄m), 𐬀𐬉𐬨 (aēm)
- Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬨 (aēm)
- Kurdish:
- Northern Kurdish: ê, yê
- Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬇𐬨 (aiiə̄m), 𐬀𐬉𐬨 (aēm)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ayám
- Proto-Italic: *is
- Latin: is, ea, id
- Marrucinian: iafc (feminine accusative plural), esuc (masculine/neuter genitive plural)
- Oscan: 𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌉𐌞𐌊 (iúk), 𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌊 (iiuk), 𐌉𐌏𐌊 (iok) (feminine nominative singular), 𐌝𐌃𐌉𐌊 (ídik), 𐌉𐌃𐌉𐌊 (idik) (neuter nominative singular)
- South Picene: 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌉𐌊 (esmik) (masculine/neuter dative singular), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌄𐌍 (esmen), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌝𐌍 (esmín) (masculine/neuter locative singular)
- Umbrian: 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌄𐌛𐌄𐌊 (eřek) (neuter nominative singular)
- Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *ja (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἴα (ía) (Hom.f. "one", from *íh₂), εἰ (ei), ἐπεί (epeí), εἶτα (eîta), εἴθε (eíthe), ἔνθα (éntha), ἔνθεν (énthen)
- Indo-Iranian:
- Sanskrit: अतस् (átas), अत्र (átra), अथ (átha), अथा (áthā), अद्धा (addhā́), अध (ádha), अह (áha), अधा (ádhā), आद् (ā́d), इतस् (itás), इतर (ítara), इति (íti), इत्थम् (itthám), इत्था (itthā́), इदा (idā́), इव (iva), इह (ihá), ईम् (īm), एतद् (etad) (see there for further descendants)
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬬 (vīsv)
- Italic:
- Latin: iste, ipse, ibī, ita, item, ecce (see there for further descendants)
References
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 56f
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, 2nd edition, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 227–229
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 281
- Martínez García, Javier; de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1), Brill, →ISBN, page 73