< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs
 | This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
For **-yoss, from *-yos- (with nominative *-s), an intensive marker signifying "very", "rather". It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective noun.
Suffix
*-(é)-yōs
- Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".
Declension
| Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *-é-yōs | *-∅-yésih₂ | |
| genitive | *-∅-isés | *-∅-isyéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-é-yōs | *-é-yosh₁(e) | *-é-yoses |
| vocative | *-é-yos | *-é-yosh₁(e) | *-é-yoses |
| accusative | *-é-yosm̥ | *-é-yosh₁(e) | *-é-yosm̥s |
| genitive | *-∅-isés | *? | *-∅-isóHom |
| ablative | *-∅-isés | *? | *-∅-ismós |
| dative | *-∅-iséy | *? | *-∅-ismós |
| locative | *-∅-yés, *-∅-yési | *? | *-∅-isú |
| instrumental | *-∅-iséh₁ | *? | *-∅-isbʰí |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-∅-yésih₂ | *-∅-yésih₂h₁(e) | *-∅-yésih₂es |
| vocative | *-∅-yésih₂ | *-∅-yésih₂h₁(e) | *-∅-yésih₂es |
| accusative | *-∅-yésih₂m̥ | *-∅-yésih₂h₁(e) | *-∅-yésih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *-∅-isyéh₂s | *? | *-∅-isyéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *-∅-isyéh₂s | *? | *-∅-isyéh₂mos |
| dative | *-∅-isyéh₂ey | *? | *-∅-isyéh₂mos |
| locative | *-∅-isyéh₂, *-∅-isyéh₂i | *? | *-∅-isyéh₂su |
| instrumental | *-∅-isyéh₂h₁ | *? | *-∅-isyéh₂bʰi |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-é-yos | *-é-yosih₁ | *-é-yōs |
| vocative | *-é-yos | *-é-yosih₁ | *-é-yōs |
| accusative | *-é-yos | *-é-yosih₁ | *-é-yōs |
| genitive | *-∅-isés | *? | *-∅-isóHom |
| ablative | *-∅-isés | *? | *-∅-ismós |
| dative | *-∅-iséy | *? | *-∅-ismós |
| locative | *-∅-yés, *-∅-yési | *? | *-∅-isú |
| instrumental | *-∅-iséh₁ | *? | *-∅-isbʰí |
Usage notes
Adverbs were formed by using the stem, *-yos-, without any ending.
Derived terms
Category Proto-Indo-European adjectives suffixed with *-yōs not found
- *-is-ō ~ *-is-n-es
- Germanic: *-izô, also *-ōzô
- Hellenic: *-ihō
- Ancient Greek: -ίων (-íōn)
- *-is-tos
- Germanic: *-istaz, also *-ōstaz
- Hellenic: *-istos
- Ancient Greek: -ιστος (-istos)
- Indo-Iranian: *-ištʰas (see there for further descendants)
- *-is-(t)m̥mo-
- Germanic: *-umô
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -τατος (-tatos) (< *-təmos with contamination from *-istos)
- Indo-Iranian: *-ištamas
- Indo-Aryan: *-iṣṭamas
- Sanskrit: -इष्टम (-iṣṭama)
- Indo-Aryan: *-iṣṭamas
- Italic: *-isemos
- Latin: -issimus, -(t)imus
Descendants
- Hellenic: *-yōs (*-y- is lost in palatalization)
- Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn) (with -ν- (-n-) conflated from the *-isō variant)
- Indo-Iranian: *-yas
- Indo-Aryan: *-yas
- Sanskrit: -यस् (-yas)
- Iranian: *-yah
- Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (-iiah)
- Indo-Aryan: *-yas
- Italic: *-jōs
- Latin: -ior
See also
- *-(t)ero-
References
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN