Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yóh₁r̥

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yóh₁r̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*yóh₁r̥ n[1]

1. year

   Synonyms: *ǵʰéyōm, *wétos

Inflection

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular	collective
nominative	*yóh₁r̥	*yéh₁ōr
genitive	*yéh₁n̥s	*ih₁nés
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*yóh₁r̥	*yóh₁rih₁	*yóh₁r̥h₂	*yéh₁ōr
vocative	*yóh₁r̥	*yóh₁rih₁	*yóh₁r̥h₂	*yéh₁ōr
accusative	*yóh₁r̥	*yóh₁rih₁	*yóh₁r̥h₂	*yéh₁ōr
genitive	*yéh₁n̥s	*?	*yéh₁noHom	*ih₁nés
ablative	*yéh₁n̥s	*?	*yéh₁n̥mos	*ih₁nés
dative	*yéh₁ney	*?	*yéh₁n̥mos	*ih₁néy
locative	*yéh₁n̥, *yéh₁ni	*?	*yéh₁n̥su	*ih₁én, *ih₁éni
instrumental	*yéh₁n̥h₁	*?	*yéh₁n̥mis	*ih₁néh₁

Derived terms

• *yéh₁r-o-m
  • Proto-Germanic: *jērą (see there for further descendants)
• *yóh₁r-o-s, *yóh₁r-eh₂
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jā́ˀras, *jāˀrā́ˀ
    • Old Lithuanian: jōrė
    • Proto-Slavic: *jaro n, *jara f, *jarъ m (“summer; spring”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ὥρᾱ (hṓrā), ὥρη (hṓrē) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *jōros
    • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *hōrnos (< earlier *hojōrnos < *ho- (“this”) + *jōros + *-nos, cf. hodiē (“today”)[2])
      • Latin: hōrnus (“this year's, grown this year”)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas
    • ⇒ Sanskrit: पर्यारिणी (paryāríṇī, “calving after a year”)
  • Proto-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHah
    • Avestan: 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆‎ (yār^ə) ~ 𐬫𐬃‎ (yā̊), 𐬫𐬁‎ (yā))
    • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *dušyārah (“bad year, drought”) (+ *duš-)
      • Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬲𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀‎ (dužiiāⁱriia, “bad year, drought, harvest bringing bad seasons”)
      • Parthian: [script needed] (dušyār, “drought”), [script needed] (dižyārīft, “famine”)
      • Old Persian: 𐎯𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 (dušiyāram, “bad year, drought, ill-crop”)
        • Persian: دچار‎ (dočār)
    • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hhuyārah (“good year, non-drought year”)(+ *Hhu-)
      • Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀‎ (huiiāⁱriia, “good year, non-drought year, harvest bringing good seasons”)

References

1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “hōrnos”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 289-290