< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yéwos
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *yew-, *yewh₁- (“to ripen, mature”), whence Tocharian B yu-.
Noun
*yéwos n[1][2][3]
- cereal, grain
- Synonyms: *dʰoHnéh₂, *ǵr̥h₂nóm
- barley, spelt
- Synonyms: *ǵʰrésdʰi, *h₂élbʰit
Inflection
Athematic, acrostatic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *yéwos | ||
genitive | *yéwesos | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *yéwos | *yéwesih₁ | *yéwōs |
vocative | *yéwos | *yéwesih₁ | *yéwōs |
accusative | *yéwos | *yéwesih₁ | *yéwōs |
genitive | *yéwesos | *? | *yéwesoHom |
ablative | *yéwesos | *? | *yéwesmos |
dative | *yéwesey | *? | *yéwesmos |
locative | *yéwes, *yéwesi | *? | *yéwesu |
instrumental | *yéwesh₁ | *? | *yéwesmis |
Alternative reconstructions
- *yéwh₁os[4][5]
Derived terms
- *yéw-ih₂ ~ *yu-yéh₂-s[6]
- Proto-Hellenic: *dzeyyā́
- Ancient Greek: (“spelt”)
- Epic Greek: ζειά (zeiá)
- Cretan Ancient Greek: δηαί (dēaí)
- Ancient Greek: (“spelt”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *dzeyyā́
- *yéw-it[4] or *yéw-o-m[7]
- Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: yap (“dressed barley”)
- → Tocharian A: yap[7]
- Tocharian B: yap (“dressed barley”)
- Proto-Tocharian:
- *yéw-ō[8]
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite 𒂊𒉿𒀭 (UDÚLe-wa-an /ewan/, “kind of grain; soup made of a kind of grain”)
- Proto-Anatolian:
Descendants
- Armenian:
- >? Old Armenian: ջով (ǰov, “sprout”)[9][10]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: jãvas sg, javaĩ pl
- >? Proto-Celtic: *yewos (“barley, spelt”)[11]
- Proto-Brythonic:
- >? Breton: yell m
- ⇒? Proto-Celtic: *yewornyā[4] (+? *-rnyos, compare *agrinyos (“sloe”), or *wésornyā < *wósr̥ (“spring”)[12][13])
- Middle Irish: eórna f
- Irish: eorna
- Scottish Gaelic: eòrna
- Manx: oarn
- Middle Irish: eórna f
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwas (see there for further descendants)
References
- Pokorny, Julius (1959), “i̯eu̯o-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 512
- Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2268: “*i̯eu̯o-”
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 164: “*yéw(e)s-”
- Blažek, Václav (2012), “On Indo-European ‘barley’”, in Etymology and the European Lexicon: Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012, Copenhagen, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, published 2016
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ζειαί”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 497-498
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 187: “PIE *(H?)yew-iH₂”
- Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “yap”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 519-520
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page (UDÚL)eu̯an- of 263-264
- Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1973), “ջով”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume II, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 131ab
- Macak, Martin (2017–2018), “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Classical Armenian, page 1055
- Koch, John (2004), “*jewā-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 148
- de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (1999) Nominale Wortbildung des älteren Irischen: Stammbildung und Derivation [Noun Formation in Old Irish: Stem-formation and derivation] (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie) (in German), volume 15, Tübingen: Niemeyer, →ISBN, page 138
- Pokorny, Julius (1959), “es-en-, os-en-, -er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 343