< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wr̥ǵyéti
 | This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *werǵ- + *-yéti.
Verb
*wr̥ǵyéti (imperfective)[1][2][3][4]
- to be working, to be at work
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *wr̥ǵyéti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *wr̥ǵyónti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wr̥ǵyóh₂ | *wr̥ǵyóm | — | *wr̥ǵyṓh₂ | *wr̥ǵyóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *wr̥ǵyési | *wr̥ǵyés | *wr̥ǵyé | *wr̥ǵyḗsi | *wr̥ǵyóys |
| 3rd singular | *wr̥ǵyéti | *wr̥ǵyét | *wr̥ǵyétu | *wr̥ǵyḗti | *wr̥ǵyóyt |
| 1st dual | *wr̥ǵyówos | *wr̥ǵyówe | — | *wr̥ǵyṓwos | *wr̥ǵyóywe |
| 2nd dual | *wr̥ǵyétes | *wr̥ǵyétom | *wr̥ǵyétom | *wr̥ǵyḗtes | *wr̥ǵyóytom |
| 3rd dual | *wr̥ǵyétes | *wr̥ǵyétām | *wr̥ǵyétām | *wr̥ǵyḗtes | *wr̥ǵyóytām |
| 1st plural | *wr̥ǵyómos | *wr̥ǵyóme | — | *wr̥ǵyṓmos | *wr̥ǵyóyme |
| 2nd plural | *wr̥ǵyéte | *wr̥ǵyéte | *wr̥ǵyéte | *wr̥ǵyḗte | *wr̥ǵyóyte |
| 3rd plural | *wr̥ǵyónti | *wr̥ǵyónt | *wr̥ǵyóntu | *wr̥ǵyṓnti | *wr̥ǵyóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *wr̥ǵyónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wr̥ǵyóh₂er | *wr̥ǵyóh₂e | — | *wr̥ǵyṓh₂er | *wr̥ǵyóyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *wr̥ǵyéth₂er | *wr̥ǵyéth₂e | *wr̥ǵyéso | *wr̥ǵyḗth₂er | *wr̥ǵyóyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *wr̥ǵyétor | *wr̥ǵyéto | *? | *wr̥ǵyḗtor | *wr̥ǵyóyto, *wr̥ǵyóyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *wr̥ǵyówosdʰh₂ | *wr̥ǵyówedʰh₂ | — | *wr̥ǵyṓwosdʰh₂ | *wr̥ǵyóywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *wr̥ǵyómosdʰh₂ | *wr̥ǵyómedʰh₂ | — | *wr̥ǵyṓmosdʰh₂ | *wr̥ǵyóymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *wr̥ǵyédʰh₂we | *wr̥ǵyédʰh₂we | *wr̥ǵyédʰh₂we | *wr̥ǵyḗdʰh₂we | *wr̥ǵyóydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *wr̥ǵyóror, *wr̥ǵyóntor | *wr̥ǵyóro, *wr̥ǵyónto | *? | *wr̥ǵyṓror, *wr̥ǵyṓntor | *wr̥ǵyóyro, *wr̥ǵyóyh₁n̥to |
| Participle | *wr̥ǵyómnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *wurkijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wərďďō
- Ancient Greek:
- ἔρδω (érdō) (< secondary full-grade *wérďďō)
- ῥέζω (rhézō) (< secondary metathesized full-grade *wréďďō)
- Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀽 (wo-ze /worzei/)
- Ancient Greek:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥ȷ́yáti
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥ȷ́yáti
- Sanskrit: वृज्यते (vṛjyáte)
- Proto-Iranian: *wr̥jyáti
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vərəziieiti)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥ȷ́yáti
References
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *u̯erg̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 686-687
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἔρδω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 450-451
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ῥέζω 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1278-1279