Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wréh₂ds

< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wréh₂ds

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*wréh₂ds f (oblique stem *wr̥h₂d-)

1. root

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*wréh₂ds
genitive	*wr̥h₂dés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wréh₂ds	*wréh₂dh₁(e)	*wréh₂des
vocative	*wréh₂d	*wréh₂dh₁(e)	*wréh₂des
accusative	*wréh₂dm̥	*wréh₂dh₁(e)	*wréh₂dm̥s
genitive	*wr̥h₂dés	*?	*wr̥h₂dóHom
ablative	*wr̥h₂dés	*?	*wr̥h₂dmós
dative	*wr̥h₂déy	*?	*wr̥h₂dmós
locative	*wréh₂d, *wréh₂di	*?	*wr̥h₂dsú
instrumental	*wr̥h₂déh₁	*?	*wr̥h₂dbʰí

Descendants

• Albanian: rrënjë (< *wradnjā < *wrh̥₂dnio)
• Armenian:
  • Middle Armenian: արգատ (argat, “superfluous branches cut off from vine and used for kindling”) (possibly)
• Balto-Slavic: *radas
  • Latvian: rads (“birth, kin, sex, sort”)
  • Slavic: *rodъ
    • East Slavic:
      • Old East Slavic: родъ (rodŭ)
        • Belarusian: род (rod)
        • Russian: род (rod)
        • Ukrainian: рід (rid)
        • → Finnish: rotu
    • South Slavic:
      • Old Church Slavonic:

        Old Cyrillic: родъ (rodŭ)

        Glagolitic: ⱃⱁⰴⱏ (rodŭ)

      • Bulgarian: род (rod)
      • Macedonian: род (rod)
      • Serbo-Croatian:

        Cyrillic: род

        Latin: rȏd

      • Slovene: ród
    • West Slavic:
      • Czech: rod
      • Polish: ród
      • Slovak: rod
      • Sorbian:
        • Lower Sorbian: rod
        • Upper Sorbian: ród
    • Non-Slavic:
      • → Romanian: rod
• Celtic:
  • *wredios < *wr̥djo
    • Welsh: gwraidd
    • Breton: gwriz
  • *wrednā < *wr̥dnio
    • Old Irish: frén (< *wrēnā < *wrednā), (later) frém
      • Irish: fréamh
    • Welsh: greddf "instinct" (< *wredmā)
• Germanic: *wirtiz, *wrōts (genitive *wurtiz)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ῥίζα (rhíza) (< *wredih₂-), ῥάδιξ (rhádix) "branch" (< *wreh₂dih₂-)
• Indo-Iranian
  • Iranian
    • Old Persian: [script needed] (raēša)
      • Middle Persian: [script needed] (rēšag)
        • Persian: ریشه‎ (rīše)
    • Kurdish: reh "root"
    • Dimili-Zazaki: rêçıke, riçıke "root"
• Italic: *wrād-ī-k-
  • Latin: rādīx
• Italic: *wrad-yo-
  • Latin: radius
• Italic: *wrād-mo-
  • Latin: rāmus
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian B: witsako (< *wr̥di-k-eh₂, with loss of -r-)