Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weyd-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*weyd- (stative)[1][2][3][4][5]

to see

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *weyd-

*wéyd-e-ti (secondary thematic root present)[6]
- Proto-Celtic: *wēdeti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wītaną (“to direct the attention to, to scold”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: εἴδω (eídō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáytˢti (see there for further descendants)
*weyd-eh₁-(ye)-ti (full-grade stative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀdēˀtei
  - Latvian: viedêt
  - Lithuanian: veizdė́ti
  - Proto-Slavic: *vìděti (see there for further descendants)
*wi-né-d-ti ~ *wi-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)[7][8]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գտանեմ (gtanem)
    - Armenian: գտնել (gtnel)
- Proto-Celtic: *windeti
  - Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨbod
    - Old Breton: gudbut
      - Middle Breton: gouzuout
        Breton: gouzout
    - Old Cornish: godbod
      - Middle Cornish: godhvos
        Cornish: godhvos/goffos
    - Middle Welsh: gwybot
      - Welsh: gwybod
  - Old Irish: ro·finnadar
    - Middle Irish: finnaid
      - Irish: fionn
    - Irish: feadair (from perfect conjunct ·fitir)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *windáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *windáti
    - Sanskrit: विन्दति (vindáti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *windáti
    - Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬍‎ (vīnastī)
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌‎ (vinasti)
    - Old Persian:
      - Middle Persian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫗𐫅‎ (wyndynd, 3pl.pres.ind.)
      - Parthian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫅‎ (wyndyd, 3sg.pres.ind.)
    - Northern Kurdish: bîn- (present stem of the verb dîtin, 'to see')
*wid-e-t ~ *wid-o-nt (thematic root aorist)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: եգիտ (egit)
- Proto-Hellenic: *widon
  - Ancient Greek: εἶδον (eîdon)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwidat
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwidat
    - Sanskrit: अविदत् (ávidat)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Háwidat
    - Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬀𐬝‎ (vīdat̰)
*wid-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)
- Proto-Italic: *widēō (see there for further descendants)
*wóyde ~ *widḗr (“to have seen, to know”, stative)[2]
*woyd-éye-ti (causative)
- Celtic:
  - Old Irish: foídid
- Proto-Germanic: *waitijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydáyati
    - Sanskrit: वेदयति (vedáyati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *waydáyati
    - Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍‎ (āuuaēδaiiamahī, 1pl.pres.caus.)
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌‎ (vaēδaiiemi, 1sg.pres.caus.)
*wéyd-se-ti (“to want to see”, desiderative)
*widónts (“seeing”)
*wéyd-o-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wéiˀdas[9] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wēdos (see there for further descendants)
*wéyd-os ~ *wéyd-es-os
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéidos
  - Ancient Greek: εἶδος (eîdos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáydas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáydas
    - Sanskrit: वेदस् (védas)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wáydah
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬵‎ (vaēδah)
*weyd-eh₂-li-mo-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *weidālimos
  - Ancient Greek: εἰδάλιμος (eidálimos)
*n̥-weyd-h₁-lo-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *əweidelos
  - Ancient Greek: ἀείδελος (aeídelos)
*weyd-oh₂-lo-m
- Proto-Hellenic: *weidōlon
  - Ancient Greek: εἴδωλον (eídōlon)
*wéyd-ti-s ~ *wid-téy-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀstis
  - Latvian: vēsts
  - Proto-Slavic: *vě̏stь (see there for further descendants)
*wéyd-tōr ~ *wid-tr-és (“viewer, witness”)
*weyd-to-s
- Proto-Germanic: *wīsaz (“wise”) (see there for further descendants)
*wéyd-tu-s ~ *wid-téw-s (“(act of) seeing, knowledge”)
- Proto-Celtic: *wissus (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: vīsus (see there for further descendants)
*weyd-yéh₂
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: वेद्या (vedyā́, “knowledge; art”)
*n̥-wid-eh₂-
- Proto-Hellenic: *əwidās
  - Ancient Greek: Ἀΐδης (Aḯdēs)
*wid-és-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *widéhā
  - Ancient Greek: ἰδέᾱ (idéā)
*n̥-wid-ḗs (<*n̥-wid-és-s)
- Proto-Hellenic: *əwidḗs
  - Ancient Greek: ἀϊδής (aïdḗs)
*né-wid-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *néwits
  - Ancient Greek: νῆις (nêis)
*wid-m̥-h₃onh₂-
- Proto-Hellenic: *idmōn
  - Ancient Greek: ἴδμων (ídmōn)
*wid-ri-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *widris
  - Ancient Greek: ἴδρις (ídris)
*wid-ró-s
- Proto-Germanic: *witraz (see there for further descendants)
*wid-tó-s
*wid-yéh₂
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: विद्या (vidyā́, “knowledge, science; scholarship”)
*wid-yo-m
- Proto-Germanic: *witją (“knowledge; reason, sense, understanding; wit”)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գիւտ (giwt)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: vaizdas
  - Old Prussian: widdai
- Proto-Germanic: *wīsǭ (“manner, way”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἀΐδηλος (aḯdēlos)
- Phrygian: wit- (wit-)
- Proto-Tocharian: *wäwén-[10] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *wiäime (possibly)[11] (see there for further descendants)

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯ei̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 665-667
Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*u̯aid¹, *u̯aid²”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 408-410
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*wēd-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 407
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “*git-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 216
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*wi-n-d-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 422-423
Derksen, Rick (2015), “veidas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 494
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ūwe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “īme”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 71

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯ei̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 665-667

[Ringe_2006-2] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[4] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[5] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*u̯aid¹, *u̯aid²”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 408-410

[6] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*wēd-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 407

[7] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “*git-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 216

[8] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*wi-n-d-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 422-423

[9] Derksen, Rick (2015), “veidas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 494

[10] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ūwe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN

[11] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “īme”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 71

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weyd-

Proto-Indo-European

Root

Derived terms

Further reading

References