Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/welh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wel-, Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/welH-, and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/welh₁-

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*welh₃-[1][2][3]

to hit, to strike

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *welh₃-

*wélh₃-ti ~ *wl̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)[4]
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒄴𒍣 (walḫzi)
*wl̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *wl̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Italic: *welnō
  - Latin: vellō
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: wälläṣtär
*wolh₃-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *walaz (see there for further descendants)
(perhaps) *welh₃-wr̥-ti- (a derivative of heteroclitic *welh₃-wr̥/-wen-)[5]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գեղարդն (gełardn)
Unsorted formations:
- Celtic:
  - *wlannos
    - Middle Irish: flann
      - Irish: flann
      - Scottish Gaelic: flann
  - *wolis (see there for further descendants)
  - *welīsos
    - Proto-Brythonic: *gweli
      - Cornish: goly
      - Middle Breton: goulyow pl
        Breton: gouli
      - Middle Welsh: gweli
        Welsh: gweli
- Proto-Germanic: *welwaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wala- (“dead”)
  - Old Norse: valr (“fallen in the battlefield”), valhǫll (“Valhalla”), valkyrja (“Valkyrie”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: οὐλή (oulḗ)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἁλίσκομαι (halískomai)
- Italic:
  - Latin: vulnus
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Iranian:
    - Persian: والانه‎ (vālāne, “wound”) ولانه‎ (valāne, “wound”) (possibly)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weli̯a-, *weli̯ā-
  - Baltic:
    - Lithuanian: vėlė (“corpse, ghost”)
    - Lithuanian: veliónis (“dead”)
    - Latvian: veļi
  - Slavic:
    - Czech: válka (“war”)
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: wäl (“to die”)
  - Tocharian A: walu (“dead one”)

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 679
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 945–946
Kocharov, P. (2010), “The Etymology of Armenian gełardn ‘Spear’”, in Indojevropejskoje jazykoznanije i klassičeskaja filologija - XIV. Materialy čtenij, posvjaščennyx pamjati prof. I.M. Tronskovo‎, volume II, Saint Petersburg: Nauka, pages 83–89

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 679

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[4] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 945–946

[5] Kocharov, P. (2010), “The Etymology of Armenian gełardn ‘Spear’”, in Indojevropejskoje jazykoznanije i klassičeskaja filologija - XIV. Materialy čtenij, posvjaščennyx pamjati prof. I.M. Tronskovo‎, volume II, Saint Petersburg: Nauka, pages 83–89