Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wedʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*wedʰ-[1][2]

to bind, to secure
to pledge, to guarantee
to lead

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wedʰ-

*wedʰ- (root present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *westei (“to lead”)
  - Latvian: vest
  - Lithuanian: vèsti
  - Proto-Slavic: *vestì (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wedeti (“to lead”)
  - Old Irish: feidid
  - Welsh: arweddu, arwain (< *ɸare-wedeti, ɸare-wedn-)
- Proto-Germanic: *wedaną (“to conjoin”), *gawedaną (see there for further descendants)
  - Old High German: wetan

*wodʰ-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wādʰáyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *wādáyati
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (vāδaiieⁱti)
    - → Old Armenian: վարեմ (varem)

*wédʰ-tis
- Proto-Germanic: *gawissiz (see there for further descendants)

*swétu-wedʰ-tó-s
- Proto-Iranian: *hwátuvadatáh
  - Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬚𐬀‎ (xᵛaētuuadaθa, “kin-marrage”)
    - → Middle Persian: (/xwēdōdah/)
      Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwkdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwds)
      Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭤𐭥𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭲𐭣‎ (hʿytʿtd) (in Kardir inscription)
      - Classical Persian: خویدوده‎ (xweydōdah)

*wedʰ-úHs (“bride”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wadʰúHs
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wadʰúHs
    - Sanskrit: वधू (vadhū́) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wadʰúHh, *wadʰúHhakah (< *wedʰúHs + *-akah)
    - Central Iranian:
      - Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬜𐬏‎ (vaδū)
    - Northeastern Iranian:
      - Sogdo-Bactrian:
        Khwarezmian: ود‎ (wd /wud/), وذ‎ (wδ /waδ, wuδ/)
        Proto-Sogdic:
        Sogdian: (/waδ(u), wəδ(u), wuδ(u)/, “wife”)
        Manichaean: 𐫇𐫔‎ (wδ), 𐫇𐫔𐫇‎ (wδw)
        Sogdian: [script needed] (wδ),
        Syriac: ܙܕ‎ (wd)
    - Northwestern Iranian:
      - Kurdish:
        Central Kurdish: بووک‎ (bûk)
        Laki: بەوی‎‎ (bewî‎)
        Northern Kurdish: bûk
        Southern Kurdish: وەۊ‎ (weẅ), بەۊ‎ (beẅ)
    - Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      - Old Azari: *ویو‎ (*vayō)
        Harzani: ویی (viyi)
        Karingani: وی (vay)
      - Talysh: (/vayo/)
        Arabic: ویو‎
        Latin: vəyo
      - Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
        Gurani: وەیوە‎‎ (waywa)
        Zazaki: veyve
    - Southwestern Iranian:
      - Middle Persian: (/wayōg/)
        Manichaean: 𐫇𐫏𐫇𐫃‎ (wywg)
        Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wydwk')
        Classical Persian: بیوگ‎ (bayōg, buyōg), بیو‎ (bayō)
        Dari: بیوگ‎ (bayōg)
        Iranian Persian: بیوگ‎ (biyūg)
        Lurish:
        Bakhtiari: بیو‎ (bayū)
        Northern Luri: بیی‎ (bayi)

*wódʰ-s
- Proto-Italic: *woss
  - Latin: vas (“surety”)

*wodʰ-yom
- Proto-Germanic: *wadją (“wager, stake, pledge”) > *wadjōną (see there for further descendants)

Other formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: vādas, vadúoti
- Celtic:
  - Welsh: gwedd (“yoke, team”)
  - Old Irish: fedan (“act of carrying”)
- Proto-Celtic: *wedesman
  - Old Irish: feidm (see there for further descendants)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN