Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/uksḗn

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Of uncertain origin;[1][2] possibly from *h₂ug-s-ḗn, from *h₂weg-s- (“to become strong”)[3][4][5] +‎ *-ḗn, or perhaps from *ugʷ-s-ḗn (“inseminator”), from *wegʷ- (“to moisten, make wet”).[6] Alternatively borrowed from Proto-Kartvelian *usx- (“sacrificial bull”) with metathesis[7][8], or a Wanderwort, whence also Proto-Turkic *öküŕ (“ox, bull”).[9]

Noun

*uksḗn m[10][11]

bull

Inflection

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*uksḗn
genitive	*uksnés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*uksḗn	*uksénh₁(e)	*uksénes
vocative	*uksén	*uksénh₁(e)	*uksénes
accusative	*uksénm̥	*uksénh₁(e)	*uksénm̥s
genitive	*uksnés	*?	*uksnóHom
ablative	*uksnés	*?	*uksn̥mós
dative	*uksnéy	*?	*uksn̥mós
locative	uksén, ukséni	*?	*uksn̥sú
instrumental	*uksnéh₁	*?	*uksn̥mís

Alternative reconstructions

*h₂uksḗn[3][12][13][14]
*ukʷsḗn[6][10]

Derived terms

*úks-ō[15][11][16]
- Proto-Celtic: *uxsū (“ox, stag”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *uhsô (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *wəkʷsó (“draft-ox”) (see there for further descendants)
  - →? Proto-Turkic: *öküŕ (“ox, bull”)[17] (see there for further descendants)
  - →? Proto-Uralic: *uškɜ (“ox, bull”)[18] (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)ukšā́ (see there for further descendants)
- →? Proto-Uralic: *uškɜ (“ox, bull”)[18] (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Kartvelian: *usx- (“sacrificial bull”) (perhaps, with metathesis)[7][8] (see there for further descendants)

References

Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 27
Zimmer, Stefan (1982), “Idg. *ukson-”, in Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung‎, volume 95, pages 84-92
Kiehnle, Catharina (1979) Vedisch Ukṣ und Ukṣ/Vakṣ: Wortgeschichtliche und exegetische Untersuchungen, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
Pronk, Tijmen (2009), “Sanskrit (v)ṛṣabhá-, Greek ἂρσην, ἔρσην: the spraying bull of Indo-European?”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 122, JSTOR 41430703, page 171
Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2269
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “u̯eg^u̯- : ū̆g^u̯-, uk^u̯s-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1118
Fenwick, Rhona S. H. (2017), “An Indo-European origin of Kartvelian names for two maloid fruits”, in Asatrian, Garnik S., editors, Iran and the Caucasus‎, volume 21, issue 3, Brill, DOI:10.1163/1573384X-20170306, page 4
Климов, Г. А. (1994) Древнейшие индоевропеизмы картвельских языков [The Oldest Indo-Europeanisms in Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Nasledie, →ISBN, pages 64-68
Güntert, Anders H; Festschrift Fr. Panzer 10
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 140
Ringe, D. A., Jr. (1988–1990), “Evidence for the position of Tocharian in the Indo-European family?”, in Die Sprache, volume 34, Vienna: Universität Wien, page 82
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “ukṣán-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 210
Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2269
Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*h₂uks-é/ón-n-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 368
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*uxso-, *uxson-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 401-402
Friedrich Kluge (1989), “Ochse”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 513
Clauson, Gerard (1972), “öküz”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 120
Rédei, Károly (1988), “Die syrjänische Sprache”, in Sinor, Denis, editor, The Uralic languages: description, history and foreign influences, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 661: “*uškɜ”

[Zair-1] Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 27

[Zimmer-2] Zimmer, Stefan (1982), “Idg. *ukson-”, in Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung‎, volume 95, pages 84-92

[Kiehnle-3] Kiehnle, Catharina (1979) Vedisch Ukṣ und Ukṣ/Vakṣ: Wortgeschichtliche und exegetische Untersuchungen, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner

[4] Pronk, Tijmen (2009), “Sanskrit (v)ṛṣabhá-, Greek ἂρσην, ἔρσην: the spraying bull of Indo-European?”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 122, JSTOR 41430703, page 171

[5] Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2269

[IEW-6] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “u̯eg^u̯- : ū̆g^u̯-, uk^u̯s-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1118

[Fenwick-7] Fenwick, Rhona S. H. (2017), “An Indo-European origin of Kartvelian names for two maloid fruits”, in Asatrian, Garnik S., editors, Iran and the Caucasus‎, volume 21, issue 3, Brill, DOI:10.1163/1573384X-20170306, page 4

[Klimov-8] Климов, Г. А. (1994) Древнейшие индоевропеизмы картвельских языков [The Oldest Indo-Europeanisms in Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Nasledie, →ISBN, pages 64-68

[9] Güntert, Anders H; Festschrift Fr. Panzer 10

[Mallory-10] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 140

[Ringe-11] Ringe, D. A., Jr. (1988–1990), “Evidence for the position of Tocharian in the Indo-European family?”, in Die Sprache, volume 34, Vienna: Universität Wien, page 82

[EWAia-12] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “ukṣán-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 210

[HCHIEL-13] Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2269

[NIL-14] Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*h₂uks-é/ón-n-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 368

[EDPC-15] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*uxso-, *uxson-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 401-402

[16] Friedrich Kluge (1989), “Ochse”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 513

[17] Clauson, Gerard (1972), “öküz”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 120

[Redei-18] Rédei, Károly (1988), “Die syrjänische Sprache”, in Sinor, Denis, editor, The Uralic languages: description, history and foreign influences, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 661: “*uškɜ”