Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/témHos

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

*temH- (“to be dark”) +‎ *-os

Noun

*témHos n (oblique stem *témHes-)

darkness
Synonyms: *h₁régʷos, *(s)ḱeh₃ih₂

Inflection

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular
nominative	*témHos
genitive	*témHesos
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*témHos	*témHesih₁	*témHōs
vocative	*témHos	*témHesih₁	*témHōs
accusative	*témHos	*témHesih₁	*témHōs
genitive	*témHesos	*?	*témHesoHom
ablative	*témHesos	*?	*témHesmos
dative	*témHesey	*?	*témHesmos
locative	témHes, témHesi	*?	*témHesu
instrumental	*témHesh₁	*?	*témHesbʰi

Derived terms

*témH-es-los (“dark; darkness”)
- Celtic: *temeslos (see there for further descendants)
*témH-(e)s-ros (“dark; darkness”)
- Germanic: *þimstraz
  - West Germanic: *þimstr (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian: *támisras, *támisraH (“dark night”)
  - Indo-Aryan: *támisras, *támisraH
    - Sanskrit: तमिस्र (támisra), तमिस्रा (támisrā)
- Italic: *temazrā f (“darkness”)
  - Latin: tenebrae (“darkness; shadow of death, gloom”) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Germanic: *þemaz? *þemazą/*þemarą?
- West Germanic: *þimr
  - Old High German: demar (“dusk”)
    - Middle High German: demere
      - German: Dämmer, Dämmerung
Indo-Iranian: *támas (“darkness”)
- Indo-Aryan: *támas
  - Sanskrit: तमस् (támas, “darkness; gloom; darkness of hell; sin”)
- Iranian: *támah
  - Avestan: 𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬵‎ (təmah)
  - Kurdish: تەم‎ (tem, “darkness, fog”)
  - Middle Persian: darkness (t(w)m /tom/)
    - Persian: تم‎ (tam, “darkness, blackness, cataract”)
Italic: *temezi (“in darkness, blindly”, locative singular)
- Latin: temere (“by accident”)