Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/twerḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*twerḱ-[1][2][3][4]

to carve, cut off, trim

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *twerḱ-

*twr̥ḱ-é-ti (zero-grade thematic present)[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥ćáti
  - Proto-Iranian: *twr̥cáti
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀‎ (frāθβər^əsaēta, “to cut”, 2pl.opt.act.)
*tworḱ-ó-s (“cutter, boar”)[3]
- Proto-Celtic: *tworkos (“boar”)[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twarkas
  - Proto-Iranian: *θwarkah
    - Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬋‎ (θβər^əsō, “piglet”)
*twr̥-n-ḱ-ó-s (nasal-infix)
- Proto-Italic: *trunkos
  - Latin: truncus (“a cut off piece; maimed”) (see there for further descendants)
*turḱ-s (s-stem)[4]
- Proto-Celtic: *truxs (“slain, cut man”)[3] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *súrks, *swə́rks
  - Ancient Greek: σύρξ (súrx), σάρξ (sárx, “piece of meat, body part”)
- Proto-Italic: *truks
  - Latin: trux (“wild, fierce, harsh”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *turḱ-s-os
  - Proto-Celtic: *truxsos (“a cut off piece”)[3] (see there for further descendants)
*twérḱ-tōr
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárštā (see there for further descendants)

References

Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*twerḱ- 'to cut out'”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 157
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tu̯erk̑- 'schnitzen, zurechtschneiden'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 656
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*truk-, *truxso-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 391: “*trewk- 'cut'”
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σάρξ, σαρκός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1309: “*turk̂- 'cut'”

[1] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*twerḱ- 'to cut out'”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 157

[LIV-2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tu̯erk̑- 'schnitzen, zurechtschneiden'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 656

[Matasovic-3] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*truk-, *truxso-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 391: “*trewk- 'cut'”

[Beekes-4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σάρξ, σαρκός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1309: “*turk̂- 'cut'”