Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tum-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*twem-[1][2]

Etymology

Thought to be related to *tewh₂- (“to swell”). However, the laryngeal is problematic. De Vaan suggests a hypothetical **tu- as the underlying form of this and *tewh₂-.

Root

*tum-[3][4]

to swell
to become big or strong
mound

Derived terms

Category Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tum- not found

*tum-éh₁ye-ti (stative)[1][3][5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: tumė́ti (“to thicken”)
- Proto-Celtic: *tumīti[2] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *tumēō
  - Latin: tumeō (“to swell; to be violent”)
*tum-id-o-s
- Proto-Italic: *tumidos
  - Latin: tumidus (see there for further descendants)
*tu(h₂)m-ō[5] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *þūmô[5] (*ū arose as analogical full grade[5])
*tum-ō-s
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: tumor (see there for further descendants)
*tum-ó-s[5]
- Proto-Celtic: *tumos (“strength; growth”)
  - Proto-Brythonic: *tuβ̃
    - Welsh: twf
    - Old Breton: tum
      - Breton: teñv
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumás
  - Proto-Iranian: *tumáh
    - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀‎ (tumāspana, “with fat horses”, personal name)
*tum-o-ló-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumalás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumalás
    - Sanskrit: तुमुल (tumula, “tumultuous”)
- Proto-Italic: *tumolos
  - Latin: tumulus (see there for further descendants)
*tum-ró-s (“swollen”)[5]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumrás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumrás
    - Sanskrit: तुम्र (tumrá, túmra, “big, strong”)[3]

*tum-bʰ-[6]

Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: թումբ (tʿumb, “embankment, mound”)[4] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *tumbos
- Middle Irish: tomm (“small hill”)
- Middle Welsh: tom (“dung, mound”)
Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: τύμβος (túmbos, “mound, burial mound, grave”), τύμβη (túmbē) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *towmā
- Proto-Brythonic:
  - Welsh: tumon, tumion (“haunches”)
- Middle Irish: túaim (“hill, mound”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tūtumás
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tūtumás
  - Sanskrit: तूतुम (tūtumá, “strong, effective”)[3]
Proto-Italic: *tumoltos
- Latin: tumultus (“earth-hill; uproar, turmoil, disturbance, tumult”) (see there for further descendants)

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*teu̯m-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 654
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “tum-ī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 394
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “tumeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 633
Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1973), “թումբ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume II, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 206
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “þū̆man-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 550
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*tumbo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 394

[LIV-1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*teu̯m-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 654

[tumīti-2] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “tum-ī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 394

[EDL-3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “tumeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 633

[HAB-4] Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1973), “թումբ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume II, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 206

[Kroonen-5] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “þū̆man-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 550

[6] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*tumbo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 394