< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teros
 | This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Alternative forms
- *-eros
Suffix
*-teros
- Contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix.
Usage notes
In Proto-Indo-European, X-teros meant "one which is especially X", "one which is more X than other things", "one which is X as opposed to something else". Compare:
- Sanskrit: उद् (ud) → उत्तर (uttara, “upper”)
- Greek: δεξιός (dexiós, “right”) → δεξιτερός (dexiterós, “right”) (as opposed to "left")
- Latin: māter (“mother”) → mātertera (“maternal aunt”) (literally "the mother one").
In some daughters the suffix was grammaticalized as the marker of a comparative degree in adjectives:
- Greek: γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) → γλυκύτερος (glukúteros, “sweeter”)
In some daughters it attracted various pronominal adjectives (determiners), i.e. words meaning "other":
- Sanskrit: अन्यतर (anyatara)
- Latin: al-ter
- Gothic: 𐌰𐌽-𐌸𐌰𐍂 (an-þar)
or possessives:
- Greek: ἡμέ-τερος (hēmé-teros)
- Latin: nos-ter (“our”)
- Old Irish: náthar (“of us two”)
Inflection
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *-teros | *-tereh₂ | |
| genitive | *-terosyo | *-tereh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-teros | *-teroh₁ | *-teroes |
| vocative | *-tere | *-teroh₁ | *-teroes |
| accusative | *-terom | *-teroh₁ | *-teroms |
| genitive | *-terosyo | *? | *-terooHom |
| ablative | *-teread | *? | *-teromos |
| dative | *-teroey | *? | *-teromos |
| locative | *-terey, *-teroy | *? | *-teroysu |
| instrumental | *-teroh₁ | *? | *-terōys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-tereh₂ | *-tereh₂h₁(e) | *-tereh₂es |
| vocative | *-tereh₂ | *-tereh₂h₁(e) | *-tereh₂es |
| accusative | *-terām | *-tereh₂h₁(e) | *-tereh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *-tereh₂s | *? | *-tereh₂oHom |
| ablative | *-tereh₂s | *? | *-tereh₂mos |
| dative | *-tereh₂ey | *? | *-tereh₂mos |
| locative | *-tereh₂, *-tereh₂i | *? | *-tereh₂su |
| instrumental | *-tereh₂h₁ | *? | *-tereh₂bʰi |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-terom | *-teroy(h₁) | *-tereh₂ |
| vocative | *-terom | *-teroy(h₁) | *-tereh₂ |
| accusative | *-terom | *-teroy(h₁) | *-tereh₂ |
| genitive | *-terosyo | *? | *-terooHom |
| ablative | *-teread | *? | *-teromos |
| dative | *-teroey | *? | *-teromos |
| locative | *-terey, *-teroy | *? | *-teroysu |
| instrumental | *-teroh₁ | *? | *-terōys |
Derived terms
► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Proto-Indo-European_words_suffixed_with_*-teros' title='Category:Proto-Indo-European words suffixed with *-teros'>Proto-Indo-European words suffixed with *-teros</a>
Descendants
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -τερος (-teros), -τερός (-terós)
- Greek: -τερος (-teros)
- Ancient Greek: -τερος (-teros), -τερός (-terós)
- Italic:
- Latin: -ter (perhaps), -iter (perhaps)
- Indo-Iranian: *-taras
- Indo-Aryan: *-taras
- Sanskrit: -तर (-tara)
- Iranian: *-tarah
- Avestan: -𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (-tara)
- Hawrami: تەر (-tar)
- Kurdish: -tir
- Middle Persian: [script needed] (-tar)
- Persian: تر (-tar)
- Zazaki: -yer, -êr
- Indo-Aryan: *-taras
See also
- *-yōs
References
- Marek Majer (2012), What happened to PIE kʷotero- in Slavic?