Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tekʷ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*tek-

Reconstruction

The reconstruction of the root-final stop faces some contention with most older sources preferring the labiovelar *kʷ,[1][2] while other sources question[3][4] or outright reject the labiovelar[5][6] in favor of the plain velar *k.

The evidence in favor of the labiovelar consists primarily of the Hittite 𒉿𒀜𒆪𒍖𒍣 (wa-at-ku-uz-zi /watkuzi/, “to jump (out of), to flee”), which must come from an athematic stem ending in *kʷ and which may come from a univerbation of *wé-tkʷ-ti. Kloekhorst mentions, however, that this could also be a root *wetkʷ- comparable to stems such as *h₂edʰǵʰ- or *tetḱ-.[7]

Also, there is the proposal that Proto-Germanic *þewaz (“servant”) came from earlier *þehwaz from *tekʷós. While Kroonen prefers the Germanic-only root *tew-,[4] the EIEC ascribe this and other such forms as *-w- extensions of the root.[5] If the Sanskrit तकु (táku, “running along”) represents a *-u- stem adjective *tékʷ-u-s ~ *tkʷ-éw-s, this could explain the appearance of this extension.

In favor of the plain velar is the Tocharian B cake (“river”) from Proto-Tocharian *cäke, which Adams derived from *ték-es- or *ték-ont- meaning “that which flows.”[6]

Ambiguously, the general absence of Proto-Brythonic *-b- in the descendants of Proto-Celtic *tek(ʷ)eti (Middle Breton techet, Cornish têgh, Middle Welsh techu) points to the velar being plain. Matasović, however, gives the explanation that the Brythonic *-x- was derived from the Celtic *-s- subjunctive: *tekʷs- > Brythonic *tex-, and that the labiovelar does surface in the form Old Welsh ny-debit (imperfect impersonal relative) found in Aneirin.[8]

Root

*tekʷ- (imperfective)[1][2][9][7]

to run, to flow

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tekʷ-

*tékʷ-ti ~ *tkʷ-énti (athematic root verb) or *tékʷ-e-ti (thematic root verb)[8][10][11][12][3]
- Proto-Albanian: *en-teka
  - Albanian: ndjek
- (perhaps) Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒉿𒀜𒆪𒍖𒍣 (wa-at-ku-uz-zi /watkuzi/) (< *wé-tkʷ-ti)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tektei
  - Latvian: tecêt
  - Lithuanian: tekė́ti
  - Proto-Slavic: *teťi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *tekʷeti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tákti, *tákati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tákti, *tákati
    - Sanskrit: तक्ति (tákti), तकति (tákati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *táxti, *tákati
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (fratacaⁱti), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌‎ (frataciṇti)
    - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (mndxs-)
    - Parthian: 𐫤𐫝𐫏𐫅‎ (tcyd)
    - Middle Persian: [script needed] (tcyt /tazēd/)
      - Persian: تاختن‎ (tāxtan, “to attack, to run”)
    - Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾntxst)
*tokʷ-éye-ti (causative)[13]
- Proto-Albanian: *awa-takja
  - Albanian: vdes
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *točiti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *takáyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *takáyati
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌‎ (tācaiieⁱṇti)
    - Middle Persian: [script needed] (tʾcynd /tāzēnd/)
    - Parthian: 𐫤𐫀𐫝𐫏𐫗𐫅‎ (tʾcynd)
*tékʷ-onts[6]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táčints
  - Proto-Iranian: *táčinth
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬌𐬧𐬙‎ (taciṇt)
    - Middle Persian: 𐫎𐫉𐫀𐫗‎ (ṯzʾn) (Manichaean)
- (perhaps) Tocharian: *cäke
  - Tocharian B: cake
*tékʷ-o-s[14][15]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tekas
  - Latvian: tęks
  - Proto-Slavic: *tekъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *tekʷos
  - ⇒ Old Irish: intech (“road”)
*tekʷ-ó-s
- >? Proto-Germanic: *þewaz (< *þegwaz or *þehwaz) (see there for further descendants)
*tékʷ-u-s ~ *tkʷ-éw-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tákuš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tákuṣ
    - Sanskrit: तकु (táku)
*tkʷ-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taktás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taktás
    - Sanskrit: तक्त (taktá)
  - Proto-Iranian: *taxtáh
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬝𐬐𐬎𐬱‎ (tācait̰kuš)
    - Middle Persian: [script needed] (tcyt /tazīd/)
*tokʷ-o-s[16][17]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *takas
  - Latvian: taks
  - Lithuanian: tãkas
  - Proto-Slavic: *tȏkъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *takas
  - Proto-Iranian: *takas
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬐𐬀‎ (taka)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “tek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1059-1060
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 620-621
Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “ndjek”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 288
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þewa-, *þewēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 541
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*tek-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 491
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “cake”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 267
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “u̯atku-ᶻⁱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 989-990
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*tekʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 377
Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*tač¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 272-274
Derksen, Rick (2015), “tekė́ti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 462
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tekti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 489
Orel, Vladimir (1998), “ndjek”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 286
Orel, Vladimir (1998), “vdes”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 496
Derksen, Rick (2015), “teks”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 553
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tekъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 490
Derksen, Rick (2015), “takas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 457
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tȏkъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 494-495

[IEW-1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “tek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1059-1060

[LIV-2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 620-621

[Demiraj-3] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “ndjek”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 288

[Kroonen-4] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þewa-, *þewēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 541

[EIEC-5] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*tek-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 491

[Adams-6] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “cake”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 267

[Kloekhorst-7] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “u̯atku-ᶻⁱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 989-990

[Matasovic-8] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*tekʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 377

[9] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*tač¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 272-274

[10] Derksen, Rick (2015), “tekė́ti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 462

[11] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tekti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 489

[12] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “ndjek”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 286

[13] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “vdes”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 496

[14] Derksen, Rick (2015), “teks”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 553

[15] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tekъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 490

[16] Derksen, Rick (2015), “takas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 457

[17] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tȏkъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 494-495