Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)ḱeh₃-

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)ḱeh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*(s)ḱeh₃-

1. darkness, shadow

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ḱeh₃-

• *(s)ḱeh₃-tó-s[1][2][3][4]
  • Proto-Celtic: *skātos (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: σκότος (skótos, “darkness”)

• *(s)ḱéh₃-u-s ~ *(s)ḱh₃-éw-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *hēwijaz (“dark blue”) (see there for further descendants)

• *(s)ḱéh₃-yo-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śájas (“shaded; blue”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *sojь
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *osòjь (“shaded place”) (+ *ob-) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *soja (“jay”) (see there for further descendants)

• *(s)ḱh₃-tú-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *skadwaz (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱeh₃-i-{{ref|group=n|Alternative forms

ḱyeh₁-[5], ḱh₁ey-[4][6]}}

• *(s)ḱeh₃i-h₂ ~ *(s)ḱh₃y-éh₂-s

• *(s)ḱéh₃y-ō ~ *(s)ḱih₃-nés
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀnas
    • Proto-Slavic: *sě̀nь (“shadow”)

• *(s)ḱeh₃i-ro-s[7][4]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀras
    • Proto-Slavic: *śěrъ (“grey”) (possible Germanic loanword[8]) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *kēros[9]
    • Irish: cíar (“dark brown”)
    • Scottish Gaelic: ciar (“dusky”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *hairaz (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *skoiros (“dark”)
    • ⇒ Latin: obscūrus (see there for further descendants)

• *(s)ḱih₃-mó-s[5]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śjēˀmas (vṛddhi-derivation[4])
    • Lithuanian: šė̃mas (“blue-grey”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHmás (“dark-colored”)[10] (vṛddhi-derivation[4])
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćyaHmás
      • Sanskrit: श्याम (śyāmá)
    • Proto-Iranian: *cyaHmáh
      • Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀‎ (sāma, “black”)

• *(s)ḱih₃-wó-s[11][4]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śī́ˀwas (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHwás (“dark-colored”) (vṛddhi-derivation[4]) (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-Celtic: *kiwos (“fog”)[12]
    • Old Irish: ceó

*(s)ḱeh₃-u-

• *(s)ḱeh₃w-ō ~ *(s)ḱuh₃-nés
  • Proto-Germanic: *skuwwô (“shadow, reflection”) (see there for further descendants)
    • → Proto-Finnic: *kuva (“image”)[13]
      • Karelian: kuva
      • Finnish: kuva
      • Veps: kuva

Notes

References

1. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “skot-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 957
2. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*skāto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 340
3. Lubotsky, Alexander (1988) The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European‎, Brill, page 128
4. Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 105, 110
5. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “k̑i̯ē-, k̑ī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 540-541
6. Lubotsky, A.M. (1989), “Against a Proto-Indo-European phoneme *a”, in Vennemann, Th., editor, The New Sound of Indo-European, Essays in Phonological Reconstruction‎, Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 65
7. Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 91
8. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*haira-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 201
9. Koch, John (2004), “*keiro-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 84
10. Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “śyāmá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
11. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hēwja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 224
12. Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages *kiw-o-–205
13. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*skuwwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 452