Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)ḱeh₁w-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*(s)ḱeh₁w-[1]

cold, rainy
north

Reconstruction notes

Kroonen[2] derives the Germanic data from Proto-Indo-European **skeh₁- (“murky, shady”), which however is typically reconstructed with -h₃- in order to explain Ancient Greek σκότος (skótos, “darkness”) < Pre-Hellenic *skh₃tós.

Derived terms

Category Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ḱeh₁w- not found

*(s)ḱh₁w-o-tó-s (deadjectival noun)[3] (possibly, similar to Proto-Slavic *životъ, Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos) < *gʷeyh₃-)
- Proto-Celtic: *kowotos or *kuwotos
  - Middle Welsh: cawad
  - Old Breton: couatou

*(s)ḱéh₁w-er- ~ *(s)ḱh₁u-ér-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śḗˀweras, *śjáuˀras (“cold, biting”)
  - Lithuanian: šiū̃ras, šiaurùs (“cold, biting, sharp”)
    - ⇒ Lithuanian: šiáurė (“north”) [4]
  - Proto-Slavic: *sěverъ (“north”)[5]
- Proto-Italic: *kaweros[6]
  - Latin: caurus (“northwestern wind”)

>? *(s)ḱéh₁w-r̥ ~ *(s)ḱh₁u-nós (secondary r/n-stem?)
- Proto-Germanic: *skēwur, gen. *skūnaz
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skūrō (“shower”)[2][7] (possibly)

>? *(s)ḱh₁ur-do-
- Old Armenian: ցուրտ (cʿurt, “cold; cold weather”)[1][7][8]

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “k̑ēuero-, k̑ōuero-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 597
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*skūra/ō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 451
Philomen Probert, Andreas Willi (2012), “10.6. MW cawad and the South-West British treatment of *-aua-”, in Laws and Rules in Indo-European, page 155
Derksen, Rick (2015), “šiaurė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 447
Derksen, Rick (2015), “*sě̀verъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 448: “m. o (a)”
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “caurus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 100
de Vaan, Michiel (1999), “The etymology of English shower”, in Die Sprache 41/1‎, pages 39–49
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 630–631

[IEW-1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “k̑ēuero-, k̑ōuero-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 597

[Kroonen-2] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*skūra/ō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 451

[3] Philomen Probert, Andreas Willi (2012), “10.6. MW cawad and the South-West British treatment of *-aua-”, in Laws and Rules in Indo-European, page 155

[4] Derksen, Rick (2015), “šiaurė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 447

[5] Derksen, Rick (2015), “*sě̀verъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 448: “m. o (a)”

[6] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “caurus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 100

[Vaan-7] Vaan, Michiel (1999), “The etymology of English shower”, in Die Sprache 41/1‎, pages 39–49

[8] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 630–631