Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sóḱr̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Klimp suggests *sók(H)r̥ deriving from the root *sekH- (“to separate, cut off, distinguish”) +‎ *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).[1][2]

Noun

*sóḱr̥ n[1][3][4]

dung, excrement

Inflection

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular	collective
nominative	*sóḱr̥	*sḱṓr
genitive	*sḱéns	*sḱnés
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*sóḱr̥	—	—	*sḱṓr
vocative	*sóḱr̥	—	—	*sḱṓr
accusative	*sóḱr̥	—	—	*sḱṓr
genitive	*sḱéns	—	—	*sḱnés
ablative	*sḱéns	—	—	*sḱnés
dative	*sḱéney	—	—	*sḱnéy
locative	sḱén, sḱéni	—	—	sḱén, sḱéni
instrumental	*sḱénh₁	—	—	*sḱnéh₁

Descendants

Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒊭𒀝𒋼𒀀 (ša-ak-kar /šakkar/), 𒍝𒀝𒋼𒀀 (za-ak-kar /zakkar/, “excrement, dung, feces”, nom.-acc.sg.)[2]
Balto-Slavic:
- Latvian: sãrņi (“dung”)[2]
- Slavic:
  - Russian: со́р (sór, “trash, rubbish”)[2]
Proto-Germanic: *skarną[3]
Proto-Hellenic: *skṓr
- Ancient Greek: σκῶρ (skôr, “dung”) (< collective, genitive σκᾰτός < *sḱn̥-t-ós)[4]
Indo-Iranian:
- Iranian:
  - Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀-‎ (saⁱriia-, “dung”)[2]
- Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: शकृत् (śákṛt, “dung”), (weak cases) शकन् (śakán).
(possibly) Italic: *(s)ker-d-
- Latin: -cerda (“feces”) (De Vaan prefers *(s)ker- / *(s)kerdʰ- (“to cut off”))[5]

References

Klimp, Jenne (2013). “Remnants of *r/n-Stem Heteroclite Inflection in Germanic”. Unpublished manuscript, University of Groningen. p. 47
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 807-808
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*skarną”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 440
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σκῶρ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1365
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-cerda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109

[Klimp-1] Klimp, Jenne (2013). “Remnants of *r/n-Stem Heteroclite Inflection in Germanic”. Unpublished manuscript, University of Groningen. p. 47

[Kloekhorst-2] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 807-808

[Kroonen-3] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*skarną”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 440

[Beekes-4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σκῶρ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1365

[5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-cerda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109