< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/só
 | This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
In earlier, animacy-based two-gender Proto-Indo-European, *so was the animate demonstrative. Once the gender system was established, *seh₂ was created, with the feminine suffix *-h₂; *tod was the inanimate demonstrative in two-gender Proto-Indo-European and was later used as a neuter demonstrative.
Pronoun
*só
- this
- that
Inflection
| Thematic pronominal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *só | *séh₂ | |
| genitive | *tósyo | *tósyeh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *só | *tóh₁ | *tóy |
| accusative | *tóm | *tóh₁ | *tóms |
| genitive | *tósyo | *? | *tóysoHom |
| ablative | *tósmead | *? | *tóymos |
| dative | *tósmey | *? | *tóymos |
| locative | *tósmi | *? | *tóysu |
| instrumental | *tónoh₁ | *? | *tṓys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *séh₂ | *? | *téh₂es |
| accusative | *tā́m | *? | *téh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *tósyeh₂s | *? | *téh₂soHom |
| ablative | *tósyeh₂s | *? | *téh₂mos |
| dative | *tósyeh₂ey | *? | *téh₂mos |
| locative | *tósyeh₂ | *? | *téh₂su |
| instrumental | *téh₂(e)h₁ | *? | *téh₂mis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *tód | *tóy | *téh₂ |
| accusative | *tód | *tóy | *téh₂ |
| genitive | *tósyo | *? | *tóysoHom |
| ablative | *tósmead | *? | *tóymos |
| dative | *tósmey | *? | *tóymos |
| locative | *tósmi | *? | *tóysu |
| instrumental | *tónoh₁ | *? | *tṓys |
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *só
- *to-r (“there”)
- Proto-Germanic: *þar (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- Sanskrit: तर्हि (tarhi)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- *to-ti-
- Italic:
- Latin: tot
- Indo-Iranian
- Sanskrit: तति (táti)
- ⇒ *to-ty-o-
- Proto-Hellenic: *totsos
- Ancient Greek: τόσος (tósos), τόσσος (tóssos) – Epic
- Proto-Hellenic: *totsos
- Italic:
- *teh₂-li- (“so great, to such an extent”)
- >? Proto-Celtic: *talī- (“to cost, pay”)[1]
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Breton: tal
- Cornish: tal; tyli
- Middle Welsh: talu
- Welsh: talu
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Proto-Italic: *tālis
- Latin: tālis (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *teh₂-li-ko-; *to-li-ko-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *toliko (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *tālíkos
- Ancient Greek: τᾱλίκος (tālíkos), τηλίκος (tēlíkos)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- >? Proto-Celtic: *talī- (“to cost, pay”)[1]
- *teh₂-wot
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: τῆος (têos), τέως (téōs)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- Sanskrit: तावत् (tāvat)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *s-ih₂
Descendants
- Albanian:
- Proto-Albanian: *tan-[2]
- Albanian: tërë
- Proto-Albanian: *tan-[2]
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: *դո- (*do-)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tas (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *so (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *sa, *þan, *þar, *þus, *þau (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ho
- Ancient Greek: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), ὡς (hōs), αὐτός (autós), ὅδε (hóde), ὁδί (hodí), οὗτος (hoûtos), τότε (tóte) - τοτέ (toté), τηλίκος (tēlíkos), τηνίκα (tēníka), τῆμος (têmos)
- Proto-Italic: *sei (locative singular)
- Latin: sī, sic, tum, tam, iste, ita, ut
- Oscan: 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝 (svaí)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sá, *sáH, *tád (see there for further descendants)
References
- Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*tal-ī-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 366–367
- Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 179