Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sweyd-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*sweyd-[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

sweat
to sweat

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sweyd-

*swéyd-e-ti (root present)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ῑ̓δίω (īdíō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáydati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáydati
    - Sanskrit: स्वेदते (svédate)
*swíd-ye-ti (zero-grade ye-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *switjaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swídyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swídyati
    - Sanskrit: स्विद्यति (svídyati)
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: syā-
*swoyd-éye-ti (causative)
- Germanic:
  - Old High German: sweizzen
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaydáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaydáyati
    - Sanskrit: स्वेदयति (svedáyati)
*swéyd-os ~ *swéyd-es-
- Proto-Hellenic: *éidos
  - Ancient Greek: ἶδος (îdos)
- Italic:
  - Latin: sūdor
*swéyd-r̥ ~ *swid-én-s (*r/n heteroclitic)
- Proto-Albanian: *(ui)dertśiā (< *swid-ro-t-yeh₂)
  - Albanian: djersë
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: քիրտն (kʿirtn)
    - Armenian: քրտինք (kʿrtinkʿ)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: sviêdri
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ῑ̔δρώς (hīdrṓs)
*swid-tós
- Proto-Celtic: *swissos
  - Brythonic:
    - Middle Breton: hues
      - Breton: c’huès, c’hwès
    - Cornish: hwys
    - Middle Welsh: chuis
      - Welsh: chwys
*swoyd-o-
- Proto-Germanic: *swaitaz, *swaitą, *swaitô
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáydas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáydas
    - Sanskrit: स्वेद (svéda)
  - Proto-Iranian: *hwáydah (“sweat”)
    - Avestan: 𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬛𐬀‎ (xvaēda)
      - → Middle Persian: [Term?] (/xwēd/, “moistness (ancient natural science);damp, moist, fresh”)
        Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (xwyd)
        Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwyt')
        Classical Persian: خوید‎ (xwēd)
        Dari: خوید‎ (xēd)
        Iranian Persian: خوید‎ (xid)
        Tajik: хед (xed)
    - Khotanese: 𐨱𐨿𐨬𐨁𐨌‎ (hvī)
    - Wakhi: خیل‎ (ẋil)
    - Khwarezmian: خیل‎ (xyl /*xēl/)
    - Pashto: خوله‎ (xwala)
    - Ormuri: خوله‎ (xōla)
    - Baluchi: ہید‎ (hed)
    - Kurdish:
      Northern Kurdish: xuh, xwêdan
    - Middle Persian: (/xwēy/, “sweat, perspiration”)
      Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwyd)
      Pazend: 𐬓𐬀𐬈‎ (xᵛae)
      - Classical Persian: خوی‎ (xway)
        Dari: خوی‎ (xuy)
        Iranian Persian: خوی‎ (xoy)
        Tajik: хуй (xuy)
- Italic: (denominative)
  - Latin: sūdō

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “1. *su̯ei̯d-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 607
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ῑ̓δίω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 578
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἱδρώς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 578-579
Derksen, Rick (2015), “sviedri”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 552
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*swēsso-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 364

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “1. *su̯ei̯d-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 607

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ῑ̓δίω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 578

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἱδρώς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 578-579

[6] Derksen, Rick (2015), “sviedri”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 552

[7] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*swēsso-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 364