Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*swer-[1]

to ache
to fester
wound; injury

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *swer- (ache)

*swer- (root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *sweraną (see there for further descendants)
*swer-wos
- Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)
  - Proto-Brythonic: *hwerw
    - Old Breton: hueru
      - Breton: c'hwerv
    - Cornish: hwerow
    - Middle Welsh: chwerw
      - Welsh: chwerw
  - Old Irish: serb
    - Irish: searbh
    - Scottish Gaelic: searbh
*swer-tó- or *swer-dʰo-
- Germanic: (unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut') *swerdą (“sword”)(see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *swerô
  - Old High German: swero
    - German: Schwäre
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)

Root

*swer-[2][3]

to resound; ringing, whistling
to speak loudly
to swear

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *swer- (swear)

*swér- (root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati
    - Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)
*swor-ye- (o-grade ye-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”)(see there for further descendants)
*swor-eh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”)(see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *svarъ
    - Old Church Slavonic: сваръ (svarŭ)
  - Proto-Slavic: *svariti
    - Old Church Slavonic: сварити (svariti)
- Italic:
  - Latin: (possibly) surdus (“deaf”)
  - Latin: (perhaps) susurrus (“whisper, rustle”)
  - Oscan: (possibly) [Term?] (sverruneí, “speaker?”, dative singular)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “zweren”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[2] Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “zweren”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN