Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)twerH-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/twerH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*(s)twerH-

to stir up, agitate
to urge on, propel

Alternative reconstructions

*stwer-[1][2]
*twer-[1][3][4]
*twerH-[5]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)twerH-

*(s)téwrH-ye-ti (ye-present)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *stiurijaną (“to direct, steer”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)towrH-éye-ti (eye-causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *staurijaną
  - Proto-West Germanic: *staurijan (“to disturb, destroy”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)twérH-e-ti (root thematic root present)[3][5]
- Proto-Germanic: *þweraną (“to swirl, stir”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárHati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twárHati
    - Sanskrit: त्वरते (tvárate, “to hurry up, hasten”)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: त्वरयति (tvarayati, “to cause to hasten”)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: त्वरा (tvarā́, “speed, haste”)
*(s)twr̥H-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)[5]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥Háti (“to hurry”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *truwō (“to stir”) (< metathesized *truH-é-ti)
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *ambitruwō (+ *ambi-)
    - Latin: amptruō (“to execute a figure or movement”)
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *truwā
    - Latin: trua (“ladle”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)twr̥H-néw-ti (new-present)[3]
- Proto-Hellenic: *trū́núō(< metathesized *truHnéwti)
  - ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trū́ňňō (+ *-yō[6])
    - Ancient Greek: ὀτρύνω (otrúnō, “to stir up; to hasten”) (+ unexplained *o-)
*(s)twr̥H-yé-ti (ye-deponent)[3]
- Proto-Germanic: *sturjaną, *þurjaną
  - Proto-West Germanic: *sturjan (“to stir up, agitate; to propel, move forward”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Old Norse: þyrja (“to speed”)
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *sturiz (“stirring, agitation; motion”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *sturmaz (“storm”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)towrH-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *stauraz (“disturbance, destruction”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: τύρβη (túrbē), σύρβη (súrbē)
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: turba
- Latin: turma

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “1. tu̯er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1100-1101
Friedrich Kluge (1989), “Sturm”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 711: “*stwer-”
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tu̯er-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 655
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*tu̯er-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 607
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þweran-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὀτραλέως”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1123

[IEW-1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “1. tu̯er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1100-1101

[2] Friedrich Kluge (1989), “Sturm”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 711: “*stwer-”

[LIV-3] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tu̯er-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 655

[4] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*tu̯er-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 607

[Kroonen-5] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þweran-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555

[6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὀτραλέως”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1123