Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/steh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

If not a primary root, possibly from *sed- (“to sit”) +‎ *-eh₂- (stative suffix). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Alternative forms

*teh₂-

Root

*steh₂- (perfective)

to stand (up)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *steh₂-

*stéh₂-t ~ *sth₂-ént (athematic root aorist)[1]
*stí-steh₂-ti ~ *stí-sth₂-n̥ti (athematic reduplicated present)[1][2][3][4][5][6]
*st-né-h₂-ti ~ *st-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)[1][7]
*stéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)[1][8][9][10]
*ste-stóh₂-e ~ *ste-sth₂-ḗr (stative)
*steyh₂-
*sth₂-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stajḗˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *stojati ⇐ earlier *stojěti (see there for further descendants)
*sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti (thematic eh₁-stative)[11]
- Proto-Italic: *staēō (see there for further descendants)
*stoh₂-éye-ti (causative)[1][12]
*steh₂-tleh₂[13]
- Proto-Celtic: *stātlā
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Middle Breton: seuzl
      - Breton: seul
    - Cornish: seudhel, sul
    - Middle Welsh: saudel, sodlau
      - Welsh: sawdl
  - Old Irish: sál
*sth₂-dʰló-
- Proto-Italic: *staðlom
  - Latin: stabulum (see there for further descendants)
  - Oscan: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌀𐌕𐌀𐌔𐌔𐌄𐌕 (staflatasset), σταβαλανο
  - Umbrian: staflarem, staflare, 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌉 (stafli)
- Proto-Germanic: *stallaz
*steh₂-gʰo-s[14]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀgas
  - Lithuanian: stógas
  - Proto-Slavic: *stogъ (see there for further descendants)
*steh₂-l-o-
- Proto-Germanic: *stōlaz m (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *stā́lā f
  - >? Ancient Greek: στήλη (stḗlē) (or from *steh₂-sleh₂, or from *stel-) (see there for further descendants)
*sth₂-e-lo-m or *sth₂-o-lo-m[15][16]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stála (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHálam
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stHálam
    - Sanskrit: स्थलम् (sthalam, “firm ground, foundation”)
*stéh₂-mn̥ ~ *sth₂-mén-s
*steh₂-mo-s[11]
- Proto-Italic: *stāmos
  - Umbrian: stahmei, stahmito, stahmitei, stahmietei
*stéh₂-mō ~ sth₂-m̥nés[17]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀmō
  - Lithuanian: stuomuõ
  - Latvian: stāmen
*stóh₂-mo-s[18]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stōˀmas
  - Lithuanian: stúomas
  - Proto-Slavic: *stamъ (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *stṓmiks
  - Ancient Greek: στώμιξ (stṓmix)
*stéh₂-no-m[19][20]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀnas m(see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáHnam (see there for further descendants)
*sth₂-nó-s[21][22]
- Proto-Albanian: *stana (see there for further descendants)
*sth₂-ró-s[23][24]
- Proto-Albanian: *stara
  - Albanian: stër- (“large”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀras
  - Lithuanian: stóras
  - Proto-Slavic: *stàrъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stōraz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHrás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stHrás
    - Sanskrit: स्थिर (sthirá, “fixed, firm, strong”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *stHráh
    - Ossetian: стыр (styr)
    - Pashto: ستر‎
*stéh₂-ti-s ~ *sth₂-téy-s
*sth₂-tós[6][25]
*stéh₂-tu-s ~ *sth₂-téw-s[11]
- Proto-Italic: *status
  - Latin: status (see there for further descendants)
  - Marsian: state
  - Oscan: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌝𐌚 (statíf)
  - Umbrian: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀 (statita), 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (statitatu)
*stéh₂-wr̥[26]
- Proto-Hellenic: *stā́wər
  - Ancient Greek: στέᾱρ (stéār), στεῖᾰρ (steîar), στῆρ (stêr)
*sth₂-wéh₂
- ⇒ *sth₂-uh₂-néh₂
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHnáH (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Old Prussian: postātwei, postānimai
- Proto-Celtic: *stagnos (“tin”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stamniz (see there for further descendants)
- Celtic:
  - Welsh: sefyll
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: στάδιος (stádios), στάδιον (stádion) (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Iranian:
    - Northern Kurdish: stûn (“column, pillar”), rawe-STÎN (“to stand, to stop”), rawe-STANDIN (“to cause to stand/stop”)
    - Persian: ایستادن‎ (istadæn)
    - Ossetian: стын (styn)
- Phrygian: εσταες (estaes) (augmented with *h₁e-)
- Proto-Tocharian: *stäm-[27]
  - Tocharian A: ṣtäm-
  - Tocharian B: stäm-

Suffixed form *steh₂dʰ(h₁)-

>? *sth₂dʰ-mó-s
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *statʰmós (or simply *stā- +‎ *-tʰmós)
  - Ancient Greek: σταθμός (stathmós) (see there for further descendants)
*stéh₂dʰh₁-om (“herd”)[28]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀda
  - Proto-Slavic: *stàdo (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stōdą (see there for further descendants)
*sth₂-né-dʰh₁-ti ~ *sth₂-n̥-dʰh₁-énti (extended nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Germanic: *standaną (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: stāds (“plant, seedling”)

Extended form *steh₂w-[29][30]

*stéh₂w-eh₂-ti
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀwēˀtei, *stāˀwā́ˀtei
  - Latvian: stāvēt
  - Lithuanian: stovėti
  - Proto-Slavic: *stavati (“to stand up, to become”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stōwijaną (see there for further descendants)
*steh₂w-éye-ti (causative)[31][32]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀwīˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *stàviti (“to place, to put”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stōwijaną (“to stow”)[33] (see there for further descendants)
*steh₂-u-rós, *st-u-h₂-rós (with laryngeal metathesis)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - >? Old Armenian: ստուար (stuar)[34] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stauraz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *staurós
  - Ancient Greek: σταυρός (staurós) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHrás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *stauros
  - ⇒ Latin: īnstaurō, restaurō (see there for further descendants)
*stoh₂-w-ih₂ (collective)[35]
- Proto-Hellenic: *stōyyā́ (apparently with differing outcomes of Osthoff's law)
  - Ancient Greek: στοᾱ́ (stoā́), στοιᾱ́ (stoiā́), στωῐ̈ᾱ́ (stōïā́), στοιή (stoiḗ), στῳᾱ́ (stōiā́) (see there for further descendants)
*steh₂-weh₂ or *stoh₂-weh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀwāˀ
  - Lithuanian: stovà (“place”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *stava (“structural part, joint”)
- Proto-Germanic: *stōwō[36]
*steh₂w-e-ró-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staHwarás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *staHwarás
    - Sanskrit: स्थावर (sthāvará)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Persian: ستاوند‎ (sotâvand)

Descendants

Sanskrit: स्था (sthā)

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 590-592
Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell
Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἵστημι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 601
Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 338
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sistō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 567
Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “shtãj”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 378
Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 373–74
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “stō, stāre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 589-590
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stojati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 468
Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 354–55
Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stòlъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 426
Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433
Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stânъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “shtãnzë”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 371
Orel, Vladimir (1998), “shtazë, shtëzë ~ shtâzë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàrъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “shtat”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 260
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “στέαρ, στέατος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1392–1393
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “stäm-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 184-186
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàdo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 464-465
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “īnstaurō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σταυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1391
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàviti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 466
Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
Orel, Vladimir (2003), “stōwjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 379
Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 199
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “στοᾱ́”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1407
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*stōō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481

[LIV-1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 590-592

[Fortson_2004-2] Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell

[Ringe_2006-3] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[Beekes-4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἵστημι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 601

[M_sista--5] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 338

[DV_sistō-6] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sistō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 567

[D_shtãj-7] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “shtãj”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 378

[M_*tā-yo-8] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 373–74

[D_*stàti-9] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465

[D_stoti-10] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430

[DV_stō-11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “stō, stāre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 589-590

[D_*stojati-12] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stojati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 468

[M_*stātlā-13] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 354–55

[D_stogas_II-14] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429

[D_*stòlъ-15] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stòlъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465

[D_stalas-16] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 426

[D_stuomuo-17] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433

[D_stuomas-18] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433

[D_*stânъ-19] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stânъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465

[D_stonas-20] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429

[D_shtãnsë-21] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “shtãnzë”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 371

[Orel-22] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “shtazë, shtëzë ~ shtâzë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN

[D_*stàrъ-23] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàrъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465

[D_storas-24] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430

[D_shtat-25] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “shtat”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 260

[26] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “στέαρ, στέατος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1392–1393

[27] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “stäm-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 184-186

[D_*stàdo-28] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàdo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 464-465

[29] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “īnstaurō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305

[30] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σταυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1391

[D_*stàviti-31] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàviti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 466

[D_stoveti-32] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430

[33] Orel, Vladimir (2003), “stōwjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 379

[34] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 199

[35] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “στοᾱ́”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1407

[36] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*stōō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481