Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/spey-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*spey-[1][2]

sharp point, stick

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *spey-

*spey-neh₂[1]
- Proto-Italic: *speinā
  - Latin: spīna
  - Umbrian: 𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌉𐌀 (spinia), 𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌀 (spina), 𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌉𐌀𐌌𐌀 (spiniama), 𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌀𐌌𐌀𐌛 (spinamař)
*spey-k/ḱeh₂
- Proto-Italic: *speikā
  - Latin: spīca
*spey-ro-[3]
- Proto-Germanic: *spīrǭ, *spīrō, *spīraz
  - Old English: spīr ? (Gender unknown. Perhaps from *spīrō)
    - Middle English: spir, spyre, spier, spire
      - English: spire
      - Scots: spyre, spire
  - Old Frisian: *spīr
    - Saterland Frisian: Spier
    - West Frisian: spier
  - Old Saxon: spīr f
    - Middle Low German: spîr m
      - German Low German: Spier
      - → German: Spier
  - Old Dutch: *spīr
    - Middle Dutch: spier
      - Dutch: spier
  - Old High German: spīr (in spīrboum)
    - Middle High German: spir (in spirboum), spier
      - German: Speier (dialectal)
  - Old Norse: spíra
    - Icelandic: spíra
    - Norwegian: spir
    - Swedish: spira
    - Danish: spir

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Iranian: *spūkah (perhaps)
  - Classical Persian: سپوخ‎ (/sipūx/, “sharp point; arrow; sharp blade”) [4]

Extended form *spey-d-.

*spid-yo-
- Proto-Germanic: *spitjaz; *spitją; *spitjǭ
  - Old High German: spizza, spizzī
    - Middle High German: spitze
      - German: Spitze
        → English: spitz
*spid-us
- Proto-Germanic: *spituz[5]
  - Old English: spitu
    - Middle English: spite, spyte, spit
      - English: spit
  - Old Saxon:
    - Middle Low German: spit, spet
      - Low German: spit, spet
      - → Danish: spid
      - → Swedish: spett
  - Middle Dutch: spet
    - Dutch: spit
  - Old High German: spiz
    - Middle High German: spiz
      - German: Spieß

Extended form *spey-g-.

*speyg-o-[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *spīkaz
  - Old Norse: spíkr
    - Norwegian: spik
    - Swedish: spik
*speyg-ros[6]
- Proto-Germanic: *spīkraz
  - Old Frisian:
    - North Frisian: spiker
  - Middle Low German: spiker
    - Danish: spiger
    - Low German: spiker, spieker
    - → English: spiker
    - Norwegian Bokmål: spiker
  - Middle Dutch: spiker
    - Dutch: spijker
  - Middle High German: spīcher
*spoyg-
- Proto-Germanic: *spaikǭ[7]
  - Old English: spāca
    - Middle English: spake
      - English: spoke
  - Old Frisian:
    - Eastern Frisian: spēke
    - North Frisian: speak
  - Middle Dutch: spake, speke
    - Dutch: spaak
  - Old Saxon: spēka
    - Middle Low German: speke
  - Old High German: speihha
    - Middle High German: speiche
      - German: Speiche
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: speigleĩs (“thorns”)

Extended form *spey-l-.

*speyl-os
- Proto-Germanic: *spīlaz[8]
  - Old Frisian:
    - Eastern Frisian: spyl
    - North Frisian: spīl
    - West Frisian: spile
  - Middle Low German: spīle
  - Middle Dutch: spīle
    - Dutch: spijl
    - → English: spile
  - German: Speil
  - Old Norse:
    - Danish: spile

References

De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “spīna”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 580-581
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “spīca”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 580
Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “spier”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
, "سپوخ" in Dehkhoda Dictionary.
Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “spit”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “spijker”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “spaak”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “spijl”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 980
Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[DV_spīna-1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “spīna”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 580-581

[DV_spīca-2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “spīca”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 580

[3] Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “spier”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[4] , "سپوخ" in Dehkhoda Dictionary.

[5] Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “spit”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[6] Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “spijker”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[7] Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “spaak”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[8] Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “spijl”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press