Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/skwoy-

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/skwoy-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *ksew- (“to scrape, shave, sharpen”), from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”).

Root

*skwoy-

1. needle, prickle
2. thorn

Derived terms

• *skw-oy-eh₂ (“needle, prickle; thorn”)
  • Dacian: *skuia (“spruce, fir-tree”)
    • → Ancient Greek: Σκουάνες (Skouánes) (toponym)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skwajāˀ f (“needles or branches of a coniferous tree”)
    • Latvian: skuja f (“needle of a fir-tree”)
    • Lithuanian: skujà f (“needle of a coniferous tree; twig of a pine cone, fish-scale”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *xvoja f, *xvojь m[1][2][3] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *skʷiyat-s (“hawthorn”)[4]
    • Proto-Brythonic: *spijat-[5]
      • Early Brythonic: spïδad m (“thorn bushes”)[6]
        • Middle Breton: spezadenn
          • Breton: spezad (“gooseberry”)
        • Cornish: spethas f (“briars”)
        • Old Welsh: ispidatenn
          • Middle Welsh: yspidat, ysbyddaden
            • Welsh: ysbyddad (“hawthorn”)
    • Old Irish: scé (“hawthorn”), sciad pl
      • Middle Irish: scé (“thorn bush, whitethorn”), sciach pl
        • Irish: sceach
        • Manx: sceach
        • Scottish Gaelic: sceathan (“thorn bush”)
          • → English: Skeen (surname​)
    • Pictish: *ᚄᚚᚔᚌᚐᚇ (*spijad, “thorn”)[7]
• *skow-y-ó-s (metathesis)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skaujás m (“twig, cane, arbor”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *xȗjь m (“penis”)[8][9][10](see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Albanian: *skuja
    • ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *sku-na
      • Albanian: hu m (“stake, pole; penis”)[11]
        • Gheg Albanian: hû, hûni
        • Tosk Albanian: huri
      • ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *skun-tā
        • Albanian: hundë f (“nose”)[12]

Further reading

• Pokorny, Julius (1959), “*sk(h)u̯oi̯-, *sk(h)u̯i(i̯)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 958
• Иллич-Свитыч, В. М. (1971–1984), В. А. Дыбо, editor, Опыт сравнения ностратических языков [Comparative Dictionary of Nostratic Languages]‎, Moscow: Nauka, page 197, connects with Proto-Kartvelian **cxw-
• Климов, Г. А. (1994) Древнейшие индоевропеизмы картвельских языков [The Oldest Indo-Europeanisms in Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Nasledie, →ISBN, pages 82-83, follows Illich-Svitych
• Klimov, G. A. (1998) Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 16), New York, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, page 268, follows Illich-Svitych

References

1. Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xvoja / *xvojь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 125
2. Chernykh, P. (1993), “хвоя”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 337
3. Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “хвоя”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 170
4. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*skʷiyat-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 339
5. Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith J. (2020) Britannia in the Ravenna Cosmography: A Reassessment‎ (in English), Extensively revised from 2013 version edition, page 165 of 252
6. James, Alan (2014) The Brittonic Language in the Old North: A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence‎ (in English), volume 2: Dictionary, page 260 of 320
7. Rhys, Guto (2015) Approaching the Pictish Language: Historiography, Early Evidence and the Question of Pritenic‎ (in English), Glasgow: University of Glasgow, page 258-260 of 391
8. Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xujь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 114
9. Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “хуй”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 221
10. Rudnyckyj, Ja. B. (1982), “хуй”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language (in English), volume 2 (Д – Ь), Ottawa: Ukr. Mohylo-Mazepian Acad. of Sciences & Ukr. Lang. Assoc., page 1091
11. Orel, Vladimir (1998), “hu ~ hû”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 150
12. Orel, Vladimir (1998), “hundë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 152