< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kelH-
See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/skel-, Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kel-, Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kelh₁-, and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kelH-
Proto-Indo-European
Alternative forms
- *(s)kel-
- *(s)kelh₂- ~ *(s)kelh₃-[1][2]
Root
*(s)kelH-[3][1][4]
- to cut
- to split, to separate
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)kelH-
- *(s)kl̥-né-H-ti (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: քաղեմ (kʿałem)
- Armenian: քաղել (kʿałel)
- Old Armenian: քաղեմ (kʿałem)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“to split, crack”)
- Latvian: šķil̃t
- Lithuanian: skìlti (3sg. skil̃na, skỹlna)
- Proto-Armenian:
- *skelH-ye-ti (full grade ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skélˀtei[5]
- Latvian: šķel̂t (1sg. šķeļu)
- Lithuanian: skélti (“to split, cleave; to strike fire”) (1sg. skeliù, 3sg. skẽlia)[6]
- Proto-Germanic: *skiljaną (“to separate, distinguish”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skélˀtei[5]
- *skl̥H-yé-ti (zero grade ye-present)
- Proto-Albanian: *štšela
- Albanian: çel (“bloom, open, sprout”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skílˀtei (“to strike fire”)
- Latvian: šķil̃t (1sg. šķiļu)
- Lithuanian: skìlti (3sg. skìlia)
- Proto-Hellenic: *skə́ľľō (or *skə́llō from *(s)kl̥néHti, but with greater difficulty)[7]
- Ancient Greek: σκάλλω (skállō)
- Proto-Albanian: *štšela
- *skólH-ei ~ *skl̥H-énti[2]
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒅖𒆗𒆷𒄿 (iš-kal-la-i /iskalla-i/, “to slit, split, tear”)
- Proto-Anatolian:
- *skolH-éh₂
- Proto-Albanian: *skalā[8]
- Albanian: halë (“pointed tip; awn; splinter; fishbone; pine”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skalā́ˀ
- Lithuanian: skalà (“splinter”)[8]
- Proto-Germanic: *skalō (“shell, husk”)
- Proto-West Germanic: *skalu
- Old English: sċealu (“husk”)
- Middle English: schale (“shell, husk; scale”)
- English: shale
- Middle English: schale (“shell, husk; scale”)
- Old Dutch:
- Middle Dutch: scale
- Dutch: schaal
- Middle Dutch: scale
- Old High German: scala
- Middle High German: schāle
- German: Schale
- → Serbo-Croatian: šolja
- German: Schale
- Middle High German: schāle
- → Old French: escale, eschale
- French: écale
- → Middle English: scale
- English: scale
- Yola: skaulès (plural)
- Old English: sċealu (“husk”)
- Old Norse:
- Danish: skal (“shell; rind; skull”)
- Proto-West Germanic: *skalu
- >? Proto-Germanic: *skal- (“testicle”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Albanian: *skalā[8]
- *(s)kólH-ō ~ *(s)kl̥H-nés
- Proto-Germanic: *skallô, *skullô
- Old Norse: skalli, *skolli (“skull, cranium; bald head”)
- →? Middle English: sculle, scolle; schulle, scholle
- English: skull
- Scots: scull, skult, skolt (forms with -t merger with or from Old Norse skoltr)
- Danish: skalle
- Icelandic: skalli
- Norwegian Bokmål: skalle
- Norwegian Nynorsk: skalle
- Swedish: skalle, skulle (dialectal)
- →? Middle English: sculle, scolle; schulle, scholle
- Old Norse: skalli, *skolli (“skull, cranium; bald head”)
- Proto-Germanic: *skallô, *skullô
- *kelH-tro-m[9]
- >? Proto-Italic: *koltrom
- Latin: culter (“knife”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Italic: *koltrom
- *(s)kel(H)-p- (extended)
- Proto-Germanic: *skelbǭ[10]
- Proto-West Germanic: *skelbā
- Old English: sċylfe (“deck of a ship”), *sċielfe, sċilfe (“ledge, shelf”)
- Middle English: schelfe
- English: shelf
- Middle English: schelfe
- Middle Dutch: scelf
- Dutch: schelf
- Old English: sċylfe (“deck of a ship”), *sċielfe, sċilfe (“ledge, shelf”)
- Old Norse: skjálf (“shelf, seat”)
- Proto-West Germanic: *skelbā
- >? Proto-Germanic: *halbaz (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
- >? Ancient Greek: σκάλοψ (skálops), σκόλοψ (skólops)
- Indo-Iranian:
- Sanskrit: कल्प (kalpa) (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
- Latin: scalpō, scalprum (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *skelbǭ[10]
- *skélH-tus > *skelH-tús
- >? Proto-Germanic: *skelduz (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)
- *skelH-yom
- Proto-Germanic: *skilją
- Old Norse: skil (“difference”)
- Proto-Germanic: *skilją
- *skelH-yōn (more likely formed within Germanic)
- Proto-Germanic: *skiljô
- Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (skilja, “butcher”)
- Proto-Germanic: *skiljô
- *skolH-yeh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *skaljō (see there for further descendants)
- Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *skala[6]
- Albanian: shkal
- Proto-Armenian:[11][3]
- Old Armenian: ցելում (cʿelum)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- >? Ancient Greek: σκαληνός (skalēnós)
- Ancient Greek: σκύλλω (skúllō)
- Proto-Albanian: *skala[6]
References
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “iškalla-i / iškall-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 399
- Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 553
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- Derksen, Rick (2015), “skelti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 402
- Orel, Vladimir (1998), “shkal”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 416
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σκάλλω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1340–1341
- Orel, Vladimir (1998), “halë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 141
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “culter, -trī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 151
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*skelƀō(n)”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 337
- Klingenschmitt, Gert (1982) Das altarmenische Verbum (in German), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 236