Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/semh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*s(e)m-eh₂-

Etymology

May be related to *sēmi (“half”), if the original meaning was “half-year” as attested in Vedic.[1] Martirosyan argues that “year” was the original meaning.[2]

Root

*semh₂-

summer (season)
year

Alternative reconstructions

*semH-, *sem-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *semh₂-

*s(é)m-eh₂[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sámaH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sámaH
    - Sanskrit: समा (sámā, “season, weather, half-year”)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: ग्रीष्म (grī-ṣmá, “summer”) (< *gʷr̥h₂-sm̥h₂-ó-s)
*sm̥h₂-e/or- (r-stem)[2]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ամառն (amaṙn)
    - Armenian: ամառ (amaṙ)
- ⇒ *sm̥h₂-or-o-s
  - Proto-Germanic: *sumaraz[1] (see there for further descendants)
*sm̥h₂-ōn (n-stem)
- Proto-Celtic: *samū
  - ⇒ *kentu-samon-yos (“beginning of summer”) (see there for further descendants)
*sm̥h₂-ó-s[4]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ամ (am)
    - → Armenian: ամ (am) (learned)
- Proto-Celtic: *samos (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: ṣme
  - Tocharian B: ṣmāye

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *samH- →Samara
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sámaH
  - Sanskrit: समा (sámā, “season, weather, half-year”)
- Proto-Iranian: *samH-
  - Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀‎ (hama), 𐬴𐬀𐬨𐬀‎ (ṣ̌ama) (in combinated words such as: 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬋𐬌.𐬴𐬀𐬨𐬀‎ (maⁱδiiōi.ṣ̌ama, “mid-summer”)
  - Khotanese: 𐨱𐨨𐨣‎ (/hamana-/, “summer”)
  - Zaza-Gorani:
    - Gurani: هامین‎ (hamîn)
    - Zazaki: amnan, hamnan, umnun
  - Kurdish:
    - Northern Kurdish: havîn, avîn
    - Central Kurdish: ھاوین‎ (hawîn)
  - Old Persian:
    - Middle Persian: [script needed] (hʾmyn' /hāmīn/)
      - Persian: هامین‎ (hâmin)
  - Manichaen Sogdian: 𐫀𐫀𐫖𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫏‎ (ʾʾmynyy /āmīnē/)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sumara-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 491
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “amaṙn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 46
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “sámā-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 704
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “am”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 45

[EDPG-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sumara-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 491

[Martirosyan-2] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “amaṙn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 46

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “sámā-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 704

[4] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “am”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 45