< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sem-
Proto-Indo-European
Root
*sem-
- together, one
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sem-
- *sḗm (“one”)
- *sm̥- (“one”)
- *sēm-i (“half”)
- *sem-ǵʰo-
- Proto-Albanian: *semdza
- Albanian: gjithë
- Proto-Italic: *senɣeloi
- Latin: singulī
- Proto-Albanian: *semdza
- *ḱóm-som-
- Proto-Hellenic: *kusun? (possibly)
- Mycenaean Greek: 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su)
- Ancient Greek: σύν (sún), ξύν (xún); σούν (soún)
- Greek: συν (syn)
- Yevanic: שִׁין (šin)
- → Dutch: syn-
- → English: syn-, sym-
- → French: syn-
- → German: syn-
- → Italian: sin-, sim-
- Ancient Greek: σύν (sún), ξύν (xún); σούν (soún)
- Mycenaean Greek: 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sam-
- Sanskrit: सम्- (sam-)
- Proto-Iranian: *ham-, *han-, *ha-, *hama-
- Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨- (ham-), 𐬵𐬀- (ha-)
- Northern Kurdish: hev
- Old Persian: 𐏃𐎶 (h-m /ham-/)
- Middle Persian: hm (ham)
- Persian: هم (ham)
- Northern Luri: هوم (hom)
- Middle Persian: hm (ham)
- → Old Armenian: համ- (ham-), համա- (hama-), ամ- (am-), հան- (han-), ան- (an-), հոմ- (hom-), հոմա- (homa-) (in some cases contaminated with native inherited and Greek forms)
- Armenian: համ- (ham-)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sam-
- Proto-Hellenic: *kusun? (possibly)
- *som-H-ós (“same”)
- *sem-h₁ (“couple”, dual)
- *sm̥-h₁-o- (“a couple", a few”)
- Proto-Germanic: *sumaz (“some, certain”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἁμός (hamós), ἁμῆ (hamê), ἅμα (háma), ἅμ’ (hám’); ἁμᾶ (hamâ)
- Greek: άμα (áma)
- Ancient Greek: ἁμός (hamós), ἁμῆ (hamê), ἅμα (háma), ἅμ’ (hám’); ἁμᾶ (hamâ)
- *sm̥-h₁-o- (“a couple", a few”)
- *sem-h₂-lo-
- Proto-Celtic: *samal (“like, as”)
- Old Irish: samail, amal
- Proto-Brythonic: *aṽal
- Welsh: fel
- Cornish: avel
- Breton: evel
- Proto-Germanic: *simlê (“ever, always”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ὁμαλός (homalós, “even, level”)
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: similis (see there for further descendants)
- Latin: simul (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Latin: insimul (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *samal (“like, as”)
- *sm̥- (compounding stem)
- *sm̥-kŕ̥t (“one time”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sakŕ̥t (see there for further descendants)
- *sm̥-ló-m (or with *h₂el- (“ale”)?)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *sumlą > *sumblą (“gathering”) (see there for further descendants)
- *sm̥mo-
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ամէն (amēn), ամեն (amen)
- Armenian: ամեն (amen), ամենա- (amena-)
- Old Armenian: ամէն (amēn), ամեն (amen)
- Proto-Armenian:
- *sḿ̥-teros (“one of the two”)[1]
- Proto-Celtic: *santeros (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hə́teros
- Ancient Greek: ἕτερος (héteros)
- Aeolic Greek: ἄτερος (áteros)
- Doric Greek: ἅτερος (háteros), ὥτερος (hṓteros)
- Ancient Greek: ἕτερος (héteros)
- *sem-kʷih₁- (with *kʷyeh₁-)
- Proto-Armenian: *hangi-
- Old Armenian: հանգչիմ (hangčʿim, “to rest”), հանգնում (hangnum)
- Armenian: հանգչել (hangčʿel), հանգուցյալ (hangucʿyal)
- Old Armenian: հանգչիմ (hangčʿim, “to rest”), հանգնում (hangnum)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam-čyaH-
- Proto-Iranian: *ham-čyaH-
- Alanic:
- Ossetian: ӕнцад (æncad, “quiet, tranquil”)
- Khwarezmian: [script needed] (hncy-, “to rest, repose”)
- Proto-Sogdic:
- Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾncʾy, “to stay, remain”)
- Alanic:
- Proto-Iranian: *ham-čyaH-
- Proto-Armenian: *hangi-
- Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sam-
- Latvian: suo-
- Lithuanian: sam-
- Old Prussian: sen-
- Proto-Slavic: *sǫ- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *samanai (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *sōmiz, *sōmijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *sin-
- Proto-West Germanic: *sin-
- Old English: sin-, sine-
- Old Saxon: sin-
- Old High German: sin-
- Old Norse: sí-
- Faroese: sí-
- ⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins, “daily, every day”)
- Proto-West Germanic: *sin-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád
- Sanskrit: सध (sadhá), सह (sahá, “together, with”)
- Pali: saha
- → Khmer: សហ (saʼhaʼ)
- → Marathi: सह (sah)
- Pali: saha
- Sanskrit: सुमद् (sumád), स्मद् (smád, “with”)
- Sanskrit: सध (sadhá), सह (sahá, “together, with”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: simītū
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sam-
References
- Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*somo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 351
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag
Further reading
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Draw (water)”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 169
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Put in order”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 472
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Once”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 410
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Alone”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 12
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “One”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 399
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Half”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 253
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Seasons”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 504
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Some”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 532
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Same”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 499
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “With”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 646