Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sekʷ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*sekʷ- (imperfective)[1][2]

to follow

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sekʷ- (follow)

*sékʷ-e-tor (mediopassive root present)[3][4][5][6][7]
*sékʷ-t ~ *skʷ-ént (aorist)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἑσπόμην (hespómēn)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: सचान (sacāná, aor.med.part.), सचीमहि (sacīmahi, 1pl.aor.med.opt.)
  - Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬵𐬇𐬗𐬁‎ (hə̄cā, 1sg.aor.subj.), 𐬯𐬗𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬏‎ (scaṇtū, 3pl.aor.imp.)
*sékʷ-eh₂
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáčaH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáćaH
    - Sanskrit: सचा (sácā)
  - Proto-Iranian: *háčaH (“of, from”, prep.) (see there for further descendants)
*sekʷ-o-
- Italic:
  - Latin: secus, (pedi)sequus
*sokʷ-yo-[8]
- Proto-Germanic: *sagjaz (“retainer, warrior”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sákʰā (“friend, companion”) (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: socius (“sharing, joining, allied”)
  - Faliscan: socia (“female companion, girlfriend”)
*sekʷ-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saktás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saktás
    - Sanskrit: सक्त (saktá)
  - Proto-Iranian: *haxtáh
    - Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬀‎ (haxta)
    - Parthian: 𐫍𐫟𐫤‎ (hxt), 𐫍𐫟𐫘𐫀𐫅‎ (hxsʾd)
    - Middle Persian: [script needed] (hʾht /hāxt/)
- Proto-Italic: *sektos
  - Latin: secūtus (with contamination), sector (denominative)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὀπάων (opáōn), ὀπηδός (opēdós)
  - Ancient Greek: ἀοσσέω (aosséō)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hekʷétās
  - Ancient Greek: ἑπέτης (hepétēs)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀤𐀲 (e-qe-ta)
- Indo-Iranian
  - Proto-Iranian: *haxamaniš
    - Old Persian: 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁 (haxamaniš, “friendly mannered”)
      - Persian: هخامنش‎ (Haxâmaneš)
      - → Ancient Greek: Ἀχαιμένης (Akhaiménēs)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 896-897
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*sek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 525-526
Derksen, Rick (2015), “sekti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*sekʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 328
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἕπομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 447
Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*hač”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 124-125
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sequor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 555-556
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sagja- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 420

Root

*sekʷ-[1]

to see

Notes

Some sources relate this root to the one above, suggesting that the meaning "see" derives from "follow with the eyes". It has been argued that this an unlikely development, given that "see" is a more basic and primary meaning than "follow", which is more abstract.[2] However, there is no constraint against basic meanings developing from abstract ones; compare e.g. Latvian redzēt (“see”) from *h₃reǵ- (“stretch, etc.”), and Tocharian AB läk- (“see”) from *leǵ- (“gather”).

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sekʷ- (see)

*sekʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)[3][4]
- Proto-Germanic: *sehwaną (see there for further descendants)
  - *siuniz (see there for further descendants)
*sókʷ-o-s, *sokʷ-éh₂ (collective)[5]
- Proto-Anatolian: *sṓgʷos
  - Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒆪𒉿 (ša-a-ku-wa /sākuwa/, nom.acc.pl.)
  - Luwian:
    Cueneiform: 𒁕𒀀𒌋𒄿𒅖 (da-a-u-i-iš /tāwīš/)
    Hieroglyphic: [script needed] (ta-wa-)
  - Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊁 (tewe, coll.pl.), 𐊑𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊚 (ñtewẽ, “facing, opposite, towards”)
*sekʷ-sḱé-ti or *sokʷ-eh₁-sḱé-ti (innovative *sḱé-presents)[6]
- Proto-Albanian: *sākska
  - Albanian: shoh

References

Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sehwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 431-432
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*seuni-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 434-435
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “šākuu̯a-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 812-815
Orel, Vladimir (1998), “shoh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425-426

Root

*sekʷ-[1][2]

to say

Notes

Some sources similarly relate this root to the first above.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sekʷ- (say)

*sékʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)[3][4]
- Proto-Celtic: *sekʷeti (“say”) (see there for further descendants)
- *h₁en-sékʷ-e-ti
  - Proto-Hellenic: *enhékʷō
    - Ancient Greek: ἐνέπω (enépō), ἐννέπω (ennépō)
  - Proto-Italic:
    - Old Latin: īnseque, īnsece
      - Latin: īnsece, inquam
  - ⇒ *h₁en-skʷ-ih₂
    - Proto-Celtic: *enskʷiā
      - Old Irish: insce
*sokʷ-éye-ti (causative)[5][6]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sákīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
*sokʷ-h₁-ye-ti (innovated stative)[7][8]
- Proto-Germanic: *sagjaną
*n̥-skʷ-e-to-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἄσπετος (áspetos)
*sekʷ-tlo-m
- Proto-Celtic: *skʷetlom (with metathesis)[9][10]
  - Primitive Irish: *skʷetlan
    - → Proto-Brythonic: *hwedl
      - Middle Welsh: chwetyl
        Welsh: chwedl
    - Old Irish: scél (“story, news, argument”) (see there for further descendants)
*sokʷ-ó-s[11]
- Proto-Slavic: *sokъ (“accuser”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *sagǭ[12] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: θέσπις (théspis), θέσπιος (théspios), θεσπέσιος (thespésios), ἀσπάζομαι (aspázomai), ἀσπάσιος (aspásios)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 897-898
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*sek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 526-527
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*sekʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 328
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “īnsece / inquam”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 304
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sočìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 458
Derksen, Rick (2015), “sakyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 133
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sagjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 420
Olsen, Birgit Anette (1988), “5.2.3. *skʷe-tlom”, in The Proto-Indo-European Instrument Noun Suffix *-tlom and its Variants (Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser; 55), Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, →ISBN, page 26
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*skʷetlo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 338–339
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sokъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 459
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sagō(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 421

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 896-897

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*sek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 525-526

[3] Derksen, Rick (2015), “sekti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392

[4] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*sekʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 328

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἕπομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 447

[6] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*hač”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 124-125

[DV_sequor-7] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sequor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 555-556

[8] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sagja- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 420

[Ringe_2006-9] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[Philippa_EWN_2009-10] Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[11] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sehwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 431-432

[12] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*seuni-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 434-435

[13] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “šākuu̯a-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 812-815

[14] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “shoh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425-426

[15] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 897-898

[16] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*sek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 526-527

[17] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*sekʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 328

[DV_inquam-18] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “īnsece / inquam”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 304

[19] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sočìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 458

[20] Derksen, Rick (2015), “sakyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387

[Ringe_2006-21] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 133

[22] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sagjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 420

[23] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1988), “5.2.3. *skʷe-tlom”, in The Proto-Indo-European Instrument Noun Suffix *-tlom and its Variants (Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser; 55), Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, →ISBN, page 26

[24] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*skʷetlo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 338–339

[25] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sokъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 459

[26] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sagō(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 421