Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pī́ts

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Suggested to be from *péyh₂-d-s ~ *pih₂-d-s-és, from *peyh₂- (“to swell (with milk, resin)”), cognate with Tocharian B pitke (“fat, grease, oil”), Proto-Germanic *faitaz (“fat”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *piHtú (“fat, tallow; food”), compare semantics of Hittite 𒊭𒂵𒀭 (ša-ga-an, “(animal) fat, tallow; pitch, resin”).[1] Alternatively, related to *pewḱ- (“pine”).[2]

Noun

*pī́ts m

pitch, resin
Synonyms: *gʷétu, *sokʷós
pine tree

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*pī́ts
genitive	*pitsés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*pī́ts	*pī́tsh₁(e)	*pī́tses
vocative	*pī́ts	*pī́tsh₁(e)	*pī́tses
accusative	*pī́tsm̥	*pī́tsh₁(e)	*pī́tsm̥s
genitive	*pitsés	*?	*pitsóHom
ablative	*pitsés	*?	*pitsmós
dative	*pitséy	*?	*pitsmós
locative	pī́ts, pī́tsi	*?	*pitsú
instrumental	*pitséh₁	*?	*pitsmís

Alternative reconstructions

*pik-[1][2]
*péyh₂-d-s ~ *pih₂-d-s-és

Derived terms

*pī́t-k-s ~ *pit-k-és
- Proto-Italic: *piks[3]
  - Latin: pix (“pitch, tar”) (see there for further descendants)
    - → Albanian: pisë, peshgve
    - → Baltic:[4]
      - Latvian: piķis
      - Lithuanian: pìkis
    - → Proto-Brythonic: *pɨg (see there for further descendants)
    - → Proto-West Germanic: *pik (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Late Latin: picula
      - → Proto-Slavic: *pьkъlъ, *pьkъlo n; *pьcьlъ (see there for further descendants)

*pī́t-u-s ~ *pit-éw-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πίτῠς (pítus, “pine”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pī́tuš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pī́tuṣ
    - Sanskrit: *pī́tu
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: पीतुदारु (pī́tudāru, “resin tree”)

*pits-nó-s[1][5]
- Proto-Italic: *pīnos
  - Latin: pīnus (“pine”) (see there for further descendants)

*píts-ih₂ ~ *pits-yéh₂[1][6][7]
- Proto-Albanian: *pitšā
  - Albanian: píshë (“pine tree”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *píťťa
  - Ancient Greek: πίσσα (píssa, “pitch, resin”), πίττα (pítta)
    - Greek: πίσσα (píssa)
    - Pontic Greek: πίσσα (píssa)
    - → Ge'ez: ፔሳ (pesa, “pitch, tar”), ፒሳ (pisa)
    - →? Laz: ფისა (pisa)
    - →? Mingrelian: ფირსა (pirsa)
    - →? Old Georgian: ფისი (pisi)
      - Georgian: ფისი (pisi)
        → Armenian: փիս (pʿis), փիսի (pʿisi)
        → Bats: ფის (pis)
        → Ossetian: писи (pisi), песи (pesi)
    - →? Svan: ფისე (pise)
    - → Turkish: pise, pusa, püse, bise, pis, püs, pus, piz, püz, pürz (dialectal)

Descendants

>? Proto-Tocharian: *päits
- ⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *päits-ko-
  - Tocharian B: pitke (“fat, grease, oil”)
>? Proto-Germanic: *faitaz (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “pei̯(ə)- pī̆- ,”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 793
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*pik-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 161
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pix, picis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469: “PIt. *pik-; PIE *pik-; *pik-i̯a”
Derksen, Rick (2015), “pikis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pīnus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 467: “*pit-sno-”
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 282: “*pikya”
Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “písh/ë,-a”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi

[IEW-1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “pei̯(ə)- pī̆- ,”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 793

[Mallory-2] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*pik-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 161

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pix, picis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469: “PIt. *pik-; PIE *pik-; *pik-i̯a”

[4] Derksen, Rick (2015), “pikis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355

[5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pīnus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 467: “*pit-sno-”

[6] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 282: “*pikya”

[7] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “písh/ë,-a”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi