Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/póntoh₁s

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*pént-oh₂-s ~ *pént-oh₂-m̥ ~ *pn̥t-h₂-és (amphidynamic *h₂-stem)[1][2]
*pont-éh₂-s ~ *pont-éh₂-m̥ ~ *pn̥t-h₂-és (hysterodynamic *h₂-stem)[2]
*pont-éh₁-s ~ *pn̥t-h₁-ós[3]
*pónt-eh₁-s ~ *pn̥t-h₁-ós (hysterodynamic *h₁-stem)[4][5][6]
*pónt-h₁-s ~ *pn̥t-éh₁-m̥ ~ *pn̥t-h₁-ós[7]
*pónt-ōh₂-s[8]

Etymology

From *pent-.

Noun

*póntoh₁s

path
Synonyms: *stéyks, *stóygʰos

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*póntoh₁s
genitive	*pn̥th₁és
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*póntoh₁s	*póntoh₁h₁(e)	*póntoh₁es
vocative	*póntoh₁	*póntoh₁h₁(e)	*póntoh₁es
accusative	*póntoh₁m̥	*póntoh₁h₁(e)	*póntoh₁m̥s
genitive	*pn̥th₁és	*?	*pn̥th₁óHom
ablative	*pn̥th₁és	*?	*pn̥th₁mós
dative	*pn̥th₁éy	*?	*pn̥th₁mós
locative	póntoh₁, póntoh₁i	*?	*pn̥th₁sú
instrumental	*pn̥th₁éh₁	*?	*pn̥th₁mís

Descendants

Proto-Armenian: *fon-[5]
- Old Armenian: հուն (hun)
  - Middle Armenian: հուն (hun)
    - Armenian: հուն (hun)
- → Georgian: ფონი (poni)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pántis[9][10] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *póntos
- Ancient Greek: πόντος (póntos), πάτος (pátos)
  - Greek: πόντος (póntos), πάτος (pátos)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pántaHs[6] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *ponts[7]
- Latin: pōns
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: *päntā (“road-master”)[11]

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “pent-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 471-472
Goto, Toshifumi (2013) Old Indo-Aryan Morphology and its Indo-Iranian Background (Veroffentlichungen zur Iranistik; 60)‎, Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, →ISBN, page 43
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πόντος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1221
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*finþan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 142
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “hun”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 422–426
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “pánthā-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pōns, -tis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 408
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 99: “*póntōh₂s”
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “pent-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 808-809
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pǫ́tь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 417-418
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “amäkṣpänte”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN

[LIV-1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “pent-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 471-472

[Goto-2] Goto, Toshifumi (2013) Old Indo-Aryan Morphology and its Indo-Iranian Background (Veroffentlichungen zur Iranistik; 60)‎, Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, →ISBN, page 43

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πόντος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1221

[4] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*finþan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 142

[Martirosyan-5] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “hun”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 422–426

[IAIL-6] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “pánthā-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[EDL-7] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pōns, -tis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 408

[8] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 99: “*póntōh₂s”

[Pokorny-9] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “pent-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 808-809

[10] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pǫ́tь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 417-418

[11] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “amäkṣpänte”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN