Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peyḱ-

< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peyḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*peyḱ-[1]

1. to hew, cut out
2. to stitch, embroider, sting
3. (by extension) to paint, mark, color

Descendants

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peyḱ- (mark)

• *piḱ-ét ~ *piḱ-ónt (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićát
    • Proto-Iranian: *picát
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀‏‎ (aṇkupaēsəmna‏, “to adorn”, mid.), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀‎ (frapixšta, “painted”, ppp.)
      • Old Persian: [script needed] (*pišta)
        • Middle Persian: 𐫛𐫏𐫘𐫏𐫤‎ (pysyt, “colored”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipicát
        • Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤‎ (nbyšt, ppp.)
          • ⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃‎ (nbyštg, “written”)
        • Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐏁𐎹𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-š-y-m /niyapaišyam/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.)
          • Middle Persian:

            Inscriptional Pahlavi: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /nibištag/, “written”)

      • ⇒ Proto-Iranian:
        • Parthian: [Term?] (/ispist/)
          • Persian: سبشت‎ (sebešt, “vulgar”)
• *pi-né-ḱ-ti ~ *pi-n-ḱ-énti (nasal-infix present)[1]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)[2]
    • Tocharian A: pikiñc (< pik- (“to write”))
    • Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ (< pik- (“to write”))
• *pi-n-ḱ-é-ti
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinćati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pinśati
      • Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśati, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”)
• *péyḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)[3]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś-
    • Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)
    • Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”) (see there for further descendants)
• *piḱ-ró-s[4][5]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras
    • Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”) from an earlier **pь̀srъ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós
    • Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pikrós, “sharp, pointed”)
      • Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)
• *piḱ-tó-s[6]
  • Proto-Italic: *piktos
    • Latin: pictus (see there for further descendants)
• *póyḱ-os[7][8]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas
    • Lithuanian: paišaĩ, piẽšas (“freckle”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)
      • → English: poikilo- / poecilo-
      • Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos)
    • ⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /poikil-ōnukʰa/)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas
      • Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *páycah
      • Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀‎ (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)[9]
      • → Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)
        • Armenian: պես (pes)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • Proto-Slavic: *pegъ (“piebald”)[10]
    • Russian: пегий (pegij)
  • >? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas
    • Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)
  • Proto-Iranian: *picángah
    • → Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)
      • → Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • >? Sanskrit: पिङ्क्ते (piṅkte, “to paint, tinge, dye”)
    • >? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)
• Unknown Iberian substrate, perhaps Lusitanian:
  • →? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)

See also

• *pewǵ-

References

1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 465-466
2. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “pik-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 410
3. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 354
4. Derksen, Rick (2008), “431”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
5. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πικρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1190
6. Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*paipages-291-292”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
7. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 342
8. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ποικίλος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1216-1217
9. Kanga, Kavasji Edalji (1900) A Complete Dictionary of the Avesta Language‎, Bombay: Education society's steam press, page 810
10. Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 397

Root

*peyḱ-[1]

1. hostile, angry
2. enemy, evil

Alternative forms

• *peyk- (Baltic)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peyḱ- (hostile)

• *peyḱ-ye- (ye-present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: peĩkti (“to blame”)
• *piḱ-tós[2]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: pikts
    • Lithuanian: pìktas (“angry; evil”)
• *póyḱ-os
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos
    • Old Irish: oech (“enemy”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”) (see there for further descendants)
• *poyḱ-yós
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”) (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas
      • Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)

References

1. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “faiha- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
2. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355

• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “465”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN
• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 414