Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/perḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*perḱ-[1][2][3]

colored
motley

Derived terms

*pr̥ḱ-néh₂[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *furhnō (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥ḱ-ni-s[5]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćniš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śniṣ
    - Sanskrit: पृश्नि (pṛ́śni)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥cniš
    - Middle Persian: plš (parš, “spotted, speckled”)
    - Mazanderani: برجی‎ (barji)
*perḱ-no-s[6]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: περκνός (perknós)[3]
*pr̥ḱ-nó-m[7]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρακνόν (praknón)
*perḱ-ó-s[8]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸerkos
  - Primitive Irish: ᚓᚏᚉᚐ (Erca)[9]
    - Old Irish: erc
      - Middle Irish: erch
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: *περκός (*perkós)[3]
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάζω (perkázō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκαίνω (perkaínō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκόομαι (perkóomai)
    - Ancient Greek: πέρκος (pérkos)
    - Ancient Greek: πέρκη (pérkē)
      - → Latin: perca
    - Ancient Greek: περκάς (perkás)
*porḱ-ró-s[10]
- Proto-Italic: *porkros
  - >? Latin: pulcher (see there for further descendants) (Proposed by Walde-Hoffman and Pokorny, rejected by De Vaan)
*porḱ-wó-s[11]
- Proto-Germanic: *farwaz (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Germanic: *farwō (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *priknjā
  - Albanian: prënjkë
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρόξ (próx)
  - Ancient Greek: πρώξ (prṓx)
  - Ancient Greek: προκάς (prokás)

Root

*perḱ-[12][13]

to open, rip up
to dig

Derived terms

*perḱ-ō~*pr̥ḱ-n-és
- Proto-Germanic: *ferhô[14]
  - Old Norse: *feri
    - Norwegian: fere (“ridge between two furrows”) (dialectal)
*pórḱ-ono-s[15]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćānas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párśānas
    - Sanskrit: पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”)
*pórḱ-o-s (“piglet”)[16][17][18]
*pr̥ḱ-eh₂[19][20][21]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikā (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *enterɸrikā[22][23]
    - Middle Irish: etarche
- Proto-Italic: *porkā
  - Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)
>? *pérḱ-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-és[24]
- Proto-Germanic: *furhs (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: prapar̃šas (“ditch”)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “perk̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 820
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ferko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 128: “*perḱ-”
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “περκνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1178
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*furhnō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prḱ-neh₂-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*farwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*prḱ-ni-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*farwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*perḱ-no-”
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “περκνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1178: “*pr̥ḱ-n-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*farwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*porḱ-uó-”
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ferko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 128: “ERCA”
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pulcher”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496: “*polkro- or *pelkro-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*farwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*porḱ-uó-”
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “perk̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 821
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*frikā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 140/141: “*perḱ-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*ferhan-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*pe/orḱ-ono-”
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “porcus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*pórk-o-”
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*forko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*porḱo-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*farha-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 129: “*porḱ-o-”
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 140/141: “*pr̥keh₂”
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “porca”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*prḱ-h₂-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*p(o)rḱ-eh₂-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*h₁enter-prḱ-ieh₂-”
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*enter-frikā”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prk-”

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “perk̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 820

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ferko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 128: “*perḱ-”

[Beekes_1-3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “περκνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1178

[4] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*furhnō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prḱ-neh₂-”

[5] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*farwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*prḱ-ni-”

[6] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*farwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*perḱ-no-”

[7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “περκνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1178: “*pr̥ḱ-n-”

[8] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*farwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*porḱ-uó-”

[9] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ferko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 128: “ERCA”

[De_Vaan-10] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pulcher”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496: “*polkro- or *pelkro-”

[11] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*farwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*porḱ-uó-”

[12] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “perk̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 821

[13] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*frikā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 140/141: “*perḱ-”

[14] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*ferhan-”

[15] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*pe/orḱ-ono-”

[16] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “porcus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*pórk-o-”

[17] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*forko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*porḱo-”

[18] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*farha-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 129: “*porḱ-o-”

[19] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 140/141: “*pr̥keh₂”

[20] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “porca”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*prḱ-h₂-”

[Kroonen_2-21] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*p(o)rḱ-eh₂-”

[22] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*h₁enter-prḱ-ieh₂-”

[23] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*enter-frikā”

[24] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prk-”

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/perḱ-

Proto-Indo-European

Root

Derived terms

Further reading

Root

Derived terms

References