< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-
Proto-Indo-European
Root
*per-
- before, in front
- first
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before)
- *pér-i (locative)
- Proto-Albanian: *per(i)
- Albanian: për
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per
- Lithuanian: per, per-, par-
- Latvian: par, par-
- Old Prussian: per
- Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *firi- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: περί (perí), πέρ (pér) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pári
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári
- Sanskrit: परि (pári) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Iranian: *pári
- Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (pairi)
- → Persian: پیراـ (pīrā-, “peri-”, prefix)
- Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (pairi)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: per (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Albanian: *per(i)
- *per-nóy
- Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)
- *pér-o-
- Proto-Anatolian: *péro-
- Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pára
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pára
- Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Iranian: *pára
- ? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pára
- Proto-Italic:
- ⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram
- → Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)
- ⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram
- Proto-Anatolian: *péro-
- ⇒ *pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))
- *por-so-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: porrō
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *pr̥-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πάρ (pár)
- Proto-Italic: *por-
- Latin: por-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *pr-eh₂-
- *pr-és
- Proto-Hellenic:
- ⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *preti
- Latgalian: pret, pretim, preteims
- Latvian: pret, pretī, pretējs
- Proto-Slavic: *proti, *protivъ
- Bulgarian: проти́в (protív), проти (proti) (dialectal)
- Czech: proti
- Macedonian: против (protiv)
- Russian: про́тив (prótiv)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: про̏тив
- Latin: prȍtiv
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: προτί (protí), πρός (prós) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práti
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti
- Sanskrit: प्रति (práti) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *preti
- *pr-e-ti-o-
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: pretium (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
- *pr-éy (dative)
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Proto-Luwic: *prī
- Luwian: 𒉺𒊑𒄿 (/pri/)[1]
- Proto-Luwic: *prī
- Proto-Italic:
- Old Latin: prī
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *prei
- Latvian: prie-, pie-
- Lithuanian: priẽ, príe-
- Old Prussian: prei
- Proto-Slavic: *pri (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Anatolian:
- *pr-ey-wo-
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: prīvus
- Proto-Italic:
- *pr-i-is
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs
- Gaulish: ris
- Old Irish: ré
- Irish: roimh
- Scottish Gaelic: ro
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs
- *pr-i-is-ḱo-
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: prīscus
- Proto-Italic:
- *pr-i-is-m̥mos
- Proto-Italic: *priisemos, *prīsemos
- Latin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *priisemos, *prīsemos
- *pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
- *pr-i-n-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *pr-is-to-
- Proto-Germanic: *furistaz (see there for further descendants)
- *pr-i-yōs
- Proto-Italic: *priōs
- Latin: prior (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *priōs
- *pr-ó, *pr-óH (allative)
- *pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)
- Proto-Armenian:
- *pŕ̥-to-
- Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)
- *pr̥-tero-
- Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz
- Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz
- *pr-u-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Unsorted formations
- Proto-Germanic: *frumô (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *pre[2]
Root
*per- (perhaps related to previous root, as "front" > "go forth" or vice versa)
- to go through
- to carry forth, fare
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (fare)
- *pér-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō
- Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō
- *per-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *por-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *pariti (see there for further descendants)
- ? Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati
- Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- *por-ti (o-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)
- Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: pere[3]
- *pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti
- Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti
- *pr̥-t-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Italic: *portāō
- Latin: portō (see there for further descendants)
- Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust
- Proto-Italic: *portāō
- *pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō
- Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)
- Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō
- *pér-tu-s (“crossing”)
- *pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s
- *por-dʰmo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *pōr-i-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)
- *pór-mo-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas
- Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas
- *por-os
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)
- ⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)
- ⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)
- Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás
- Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *por-teh₂
- Proto-Italic: *portā
- Latin: porta (see there for further descendants)
- Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)
- Umbrian: [script needed] (pertome)
- Proto-Italic: *portā
- *por-ti-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)
- Unsorted formations
- Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)
- Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)
- Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)
Root
*per- (perhaps related to previous root, as "go forth" > "try"/"risk")
- to try, dare, risk
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (risk)
- *per-ih₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa
- Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra)
- Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa
- *per-ih₂-ye-
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior
- Proto-Italic:
- *per-ih₂-to-
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: perītus
- Proto-Italic:
- *per-ih₂-tlom
- Proto-Italic: *perītlom
- Latin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *perītlom
- *per-h₃-
- Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)
Root
*per- (or *perH-)
- to sell
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (sell)
- *per-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *por-neh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē
- Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē)
- Greek: πόρνη f (pórni, “prostitute”)
- ⇒ Old Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)
- Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)
- Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi)
- Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: pars (see there for further descendants)
- Latin: portiō (see there for further descendants)
- ? Latin: pār (see there for further descendants)
References
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “enepre”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 89
- Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “akwam-pere”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 4
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 810
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 816
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 818
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 818
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 817