< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pel-
Proto-Indo-European
Root
*pel-[1][2]
- to cover, to wrap
- skin, hide, cloth
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (skin)
- *pel-ḗn ~ *pl̥-nés
- *pl-ēn-(y)éh₂[3][4][5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plėni(a) (“membrane”)
- Latvian: plēne
- Lithuanian: plėnė̃, plėnìs
- Old Prussian: pleynis
- Proto-Slavic: *plěnà (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plėni(a) (“membrane”)
- *pél-en-(e)h₂ ~ *pl-én-(e)h₂[3][6][4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *pelenà (“diaper”), *pelna (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- *pel-nó-m[5][3]
- Proto-Germanic: *fellą (“skin, hide”)[5] (see there for further descendants)
- *pl̥-n-eh₂
- >? Proto-Italic: *palnā
- >? Latin: palla (“a fine cloth”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Italic: *palnā
- *pel-n-i-s[4][5]
- Proto-Italic: *pelnis
- Latin: pellis (“pelt, hide”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *pelnis
- *pl-ēn-(y)éh₂[3][4][5]
- *pél-mn̥
- ⇒? *pel-mo-s
- Proto-Germanic: *felmaz (“covering, skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *felmô (< collective *pél-mō)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pélmə
- Ancient Greek: πέλμᾰ (pélma, “sole (of the foot); stalk”)
- Greek: πέλμα (pélma)
- Ancient Greek: πέλμᾰ (pélma, “sole (of the foot); stalk”)
- ⇒? *pel-mo-s
- *pél-sḱo-s
- Proto-Albanian: *plaska
- Albanian: plah (“to cover”, denominative)
- Proto-Albanian: *plaska
- *pél-trom
- >? Proto-Celtic: *ɸletrom (“skin, hide; leather”) (with vowel metathesis)
- Proto-Brythonic: *lledr (see there for further descendants)
- Middle Irish: lethar
- →? Proto-Germanic: *leþrą (“leather”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Celtic: *ɸletrom (“skin, hide; leather”) (with vowel metathesis)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: palà (“linen kerchief”)
- Hellenic:
- >? Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas) (+ *h₁rewdʰ-i-) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Ancient Greek: πέλτη (péltē) (via Thracian?) (see there for further descendants)
- Extensions
- *pel-k-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Old Prussian: pelkis (“cloak”)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *felhaną (“to hide, conceal; to bury; to adhere”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- *polto-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *poltьno (“linen”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- *pl-ew- (or a u-variant of *pleh₂-?)[7]
- ⇒ *plēw-eh₂
- ⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēwāˀ (“membrane”)
- Lithuanian: plėvė̃
- Proto-Slavic: *plěva (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēwāˀ (“membrane”)
- ⇒ *h₁epi-plow-yo-m
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *epiplóyyon
- Ancient Greek: ἐπίπλοον (epíploon) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *epiplóyyon
- ⇒ *plēw-eh₂
- ⇒? *pl-eh₂- or *pel-h₂-
- ⇒ *pleh₂-s-o-s
- Proto-Anatolian:
- >? Hittite: 𒉺𒆷𒄴𒊭𒀸 (pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš, “a garment”) (or from *pleh₂- (“wide, broad, flat”))[8]
- Proto-Anatolian:
- ⇒ *pleh₂-s-o-s
Root
*pel- (perhaps the same as the above)
- to fold
Extensions
- *pleḱ-
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (fold)
- *pl-okos
- Proto-Iranian: *frakah
- Parthian: (/-frag/, “-fold”)
- Manichaean: -𐫜𐫡𐫃 (-frg) (e.g. 𐫅𐫇𐫜𐫡𐫃 (dwfrg /dōfrag/, “two-fold”) )
- Classical Persian: پر (-pirr)
- Iranian Persian: پر (-per(r)), پل (-pel, “-fold”) (e.g. in Shushtari dialect دوپر (dōper, “two-fold”)) [9]
- Parthian: (/-frag/, “-fold”)
- Proto-Iranian: *frakah
- *pl-o-
- Proto-Hellenic: *-plós
- Ancient Greek: -πλός (-plós) (e.g. ἁπλός (haplós), διπλός (diplós))
- Proto-Italic: *-plos
- Latin: -plus (e.g. simplus, duplus)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-plós
- *pé-pl-os (reduplicated thematic noun)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péplos
- >? Ancient Greek: πέπλος (péplos, “woven cloth, fabric, carpet”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péplos
- *pel-t-
- Proto-Germanic: *falþaną
- *pl̥-t-o-
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸaltom (“joint”)
- Old Irish: alt
- Irish: alt
- Scottish Gaelic: alt
- Old Irish: alt
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸaltom (“joint”)
- ⇒ *pl̥-h₂-t-yo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -πλάσιος (-plásios), -πλήσιος (-plḗsios) (e.g. τριπλάσιος (triplásios))
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Unsorted formations:
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -πλόος (-plóos), -πλοῦς (-ploûs) (e.g. ἁπλόος (haplóos), ἁπλοῦς (haploûs), διπλόος (diplóos), διπλοῦς (diploûs))
- Hellenic:
Root
*pel-
- to beat, push, drive
Extensions
- *pel-d-
- *pel-d
- Proto-West Germanic: *felt (see there for further descendants)
- *pel-d
- *pel-em-
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πελεμίζω (pelemízō)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *pel-h₂-
- *pl-eh₂-k-
- *pl-(e)h₂-k-ye-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *plāťťō
- Ancient Greek: πλήσσω (plḗssō)
- Attic Greek: πλήττω (plḗttō)
- → Greek: πλήττω (plítto)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plā́ˀktei
- Proto-Slavic: *plakati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plāťťō
- *pl-eh₂-k-tro-
- Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ktrom
- Ancient Greek: πλᾶκτρον (plâktron), πλῆκτρον (plêktron) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ktrom
- *pl-(e)h₂-k-ye-ti
- *pl-eh₂-g-
- *pleh₂-g-e-ti (thematic present)
- Proto-Germanic: *flōkaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *plāgō
- Latin: plāgō (see there for further descendants)
- *pl(e)h₂-n-g-e-ti
- Proto-Italic: *plāngō
- Latin: plangō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *plāngō
- *pl(e)h₂-g-ye-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ďďō
- Ancient Greek: πλάζω (plázō)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ďďō
- *pl(e)h₂-g-éh₂
- Proto-Albanian: *plāgā[10]
- Albanian: plojë (“bloodshed, carnage”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plāgā́ (“slaughter”)
- Ancient Greek: πλαγά (plagá), πληγή (plēgḗ, “blow (of a weapon)”)
- Proto-Italic: *plāgā
- Latin: plāga (“blow; slaughter; plague, misfortune”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Albanian: *plāgā[10]
- Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Germanic: *flekkaz (“mark, spot, blemish”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *flekkô (see there for further descendants)
- *pleh₂-g-e-ti (thematic present)
- *pl-eh₁-k-t-
- *pl-éh₁-k-t-e-ti
- Proto-Italic: *plēktō
- Latin: plēctō
- Proto-Italic: *plēktō
- *pl-éh₁-k-t-e-ti
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (beat)
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (drive)
- *pol-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *poljō
- Latin: poliō
- Proto-Italic: *poljō
- *pol-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Italic: *polāō
- Latin: (inter)polō
- Proto-Italic: *polāō
- *pl̥-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ľľō
- Ancient Greek: πάλλω (pállō)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ľľō
- *pl̥-né-ti ~ *pl̥-n-énti
- Proto-Italic: *pelnō
- Latin: pellō
- Proto-Italic: *pelnō
- *pl̥-tós
- Proto-Hellenic: *plətós
- Ancient Greek: παλτός (paltós) (by analogy to πάλλω)
- Proto-Italic: *poltos
- ⇒ Latin: pultō
- Proto-Hellenic: *plətós
- Unsorted formations:
- Ancient Greek: πόλεμος (pólemos) (perhaps)
Root
*pel- (perhaps related to the above root, i.e. resulting from beating)
- flour, dust
Derived terms
- Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πάλη (pálē)
- Ancient Greek: πόλτος (póltos)
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: puls
- Latin: pulvis
- Latin: pollen
- Proto-Hellenic:
Root
*pel-[11]
- alternative reconstruction of *pelH- (“pale, gray”)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*fella-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455
- Derksen, Rick (2015), “plėnė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 365: “*pl-ēn-”
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455: “*pelni-”
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*fella-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135: “*pel-nó-”
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pelenà; *pelna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 394
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*plěva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 405
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “(TÚG)palaḫša-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 619
- , "دوپر" in Dehkhoda Dictionary.
- Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 8
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “falwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Julius Pokorny (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, in 3 vols, Bern, München: Francke Verlag