Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pekʷ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*pekʷ- (imperfective)[1][2][3]

to cook
to ripen

Reconstruction

It has been suggested[4][5] that Hittite and Lydian terms which point to a root *pekʷ- (“to pound, crush, crack (grain)”) may preserve the original meaning of the PIE root, which later shifted in meaning to “to prepare food, cook” by the ancestor of the non-Anatolian branches.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pekʷ-

*pékʷ-e-ti (root present)[6][7][8][9][10][11]
*pékʷ-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péťťō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páčyatay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páćyatay
    - Sanskrit: पच्यते (pácyate)
*pékʷ-mn̥ ~ *pkʷ-mén-
- Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷmə
  - Ancient Greek: πέμμᾰ (pémma)
*pékʷ-tis ~ *pkʷ-téy-[12]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péktis (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷtis
  - Ancient Greek: πέψῐς (pépsis)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pákti ~ *paktí
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pákti ~ *paktí
    - Sanskrit: पक्ति (pákti, paktí)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷektjō
  - Latin: coctiō
*pekʷ-tḗr ~ *pkʷ-trés
- Proto-Hellenic: *pekʷtēr
  - Ancient Greek: πέπτρια (péptria)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paktā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paktā́
    - Sanskrit: पक्तृ (paktṛ́)
*pékʷ-tōr ~ *pkʷ-trés
- Proto-Italic: *kʷektōr
  - Latin: coctor
*pókʷ-o-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *pókʷos
  - Ancient Greek: ἀρτοκόπος (artokópos)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀵𐀡𐀦 (a-to-po-qo /artopókʷos/)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷokʷos
  - Latin: coquus (see there for further descendants)
*pokʷ-tó-s[13]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paktas (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷoxtos (see there for further descendants)
- (perhaps) Proto-Hellenic: *pekʷtós
  - Ancient Greek: πεπτός (peptós)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷoktos
  - Latin: coctus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páktas
  - Proto-Iranian: *páktah
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬙𐬀‎ (pacta)
Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Anatolian: *pekʷ-[5][4]
  - Hittite:
    - ⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒃷𒍣 (pa-ak-ku-uš-kán-zi, “pound, crack, crush, grind”, impf.3pl.pres.act.)[14]
    - ⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒋗𒉿𒀭 (pa-ak-šu-wa-an /pak(kuš)šuu̯ant-/, “cracked (of grain)”)[14]
    - ⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒋗𒅈 n (pa-ak-ku-uš-šu-ar /pakkušš(u)u̯ar/, “wooden implement for crushing cereals”)[14]
  - ⇒ Lydian: 𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯‎ (wcbaqẽnt, “tramples upon”, 3sg.pres.ind.act.)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: पक्व (pakva) (see there for further descendants)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “1.*pek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 798
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*pek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 468
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πέσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1180-1181
Janda, Michael (2000) Eleusis: Das indogermanische Erbe der Mysterien (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; Hauptreihe, 96), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, pages 49–51
Sasseville, David; Rieken, Elisabeth; Steer, Thomas (2017), “*pek^u̯-”, in Olav Hackstein, Jared L. Miller & Elisabeth Rieken, editors, Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of the Minor Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna), München & Marburg
Orel, Vladimir (1998), “pjek”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 329
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pektì”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 393
Derksen, Rick (2015), “kepti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 237-238
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kʷokʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page page180
Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*pač”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 286-287
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “coquō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 134
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pȇktь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 393
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pȏtъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 415
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “pakkušš-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 618–619

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “1.*pek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 798

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*pek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 468

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πέσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1180-1181

[Janda-4] Janda, Michael (2000) Eleusis: Das indogermanische Erbe der Mysterien (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; Hauptreihe, 96), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, pages 49–51

[EDIANA-5] Sasseville, David; Rieken, Elisabeth; Steer, Thomas (2017), “*pek^u̯-”, in Olav Hackstein, Jared L. Miller & Elisabeth Rieken, editors, Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of the Minor Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna), München & Marburg

[6] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “pjek”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 329

[7] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pektì”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 393

[8] Derksen, Rick (2015), “kepti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 237-238

[9] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kʷokʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page page180

[10] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*pač”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 286-287

[11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “coquō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 134

[12] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pȇktь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 393

[13] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pȏtъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 415

[EDHIL-14] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “pakkušš-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 618–619