Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/meh₂d-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

(*mad-)[1][2][3]
(*med-)

Root

*meh₂d-[4][5]

to be wet, to become wet

Reconstruction notes

Pokorny, Fortson, and LIV reconstruct this root as an example of an *a-ablauting stem (*m̥d- ~ *mad- ~ *mād-). On the other hand, the regular outcome of *#R̥HC- in the descendants can account for many of the reflexes.

A lot is uncertain about this root. The Germanic, Indo-Iranian terms and Latin madeō “be drunk” could also be from med- (“to be full”),[6] as well as probably the Armenian and Albanian terms.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *meh₂d- (wet)

(perhaps) *méh₂d-e-ti (thematic present)[1][3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mádati
    - Sanskrit: मदति (mádati), मदते (mádate, “to be intoxicated; rejoice”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *mádati[7]
    - Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬈‎ (madaⁱte, “to become intoxicated”)
(perhaps) *m̥h₂d-yé-ti (yé-present)[2]
- Celtic: *madyeti (“break”) (the proposed semantic shift is be wet > burst > break)[8]
  - Proto-Brythonic: *mėðjɨd
    - Middle Breton: mezaff (“knead”)
      - Breton: mezañ
    - Middle Welsh: maeðu (“break, win”)
      - Welsh: maeddu (“break, win”)
  - Old Irish: maidid
- >? Proto-Germanic: *matjaną[9] (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́dyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́dyati
    - Sanskrit: माद्यति (mā́dyati)
(perhaps) *me-móh₂d-e ~ *me-mh₂d-ḗr (stative)[2]
- Celtic:
  - Old Irish: ro·mmemaid
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamáHda
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamáHda
    - Sanskrit: ममाद (mamā́da)
*m̥h₂d-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)[2]
- Proto-Italic: *madēō[10]
  - Latin: madeō
(perhaps) *moh₂d-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maHdáyati[7]
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maHdáyati
    - Sanskrit: मादयति (mādáyati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *maHdáyati
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬀‎ (madaiiaŋᵛha, 2sg.caus.pres.impv)
*m̥h₂d-tó-s
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *matˢtás[7] (see there for further descendants)
*m̥h₂d-h₂-ró-s[11]
- Proto-Hellenic: *madarós
  - Ancient Greek: μᾰδᾰρός (madarós, “wet”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *madHrás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *madHrás
    - Sanskrit: मदिर (madirá, “intoxicating”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *mazdnja (“to fatten; feed”) (see there for further descendants)
- Armenian:
  - (perhaps) Old Armenian: մատաղ (matał, “young, tender”)[4][12], մաճառակ (mačaṙak, “fresh cheese”)[13]
  - (perhaps) Middle Armenian: մաճար (mačar, “must”)[14]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *mada[15]
    - South Slavic:
      - Slovene: mada (“spot; blot”)
    - West Slavic:
      - Polish: mada (“sludge; mud; dirt”)
      - Slovincian: mada (“dirt; mud”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μᾰδάω (madáō)[16]

References

Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, pages 72, 183
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*mad-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 421
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “MAD”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 299-300
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “mad-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 694-695
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*m(e)hₐd-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 638-639
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2 *med-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 423-25
Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*mad¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 253
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*mad-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 251-252
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*matjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 358
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “madeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 358
Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*mad-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 455-457
J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010), “մատաղ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 513a
J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010), “մաճառակ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 504a
J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010), “մաճար”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 504a
Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1990), “*mada”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 17 (*lъžь – *matješьnъjь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 118
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μαδάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 889-890

Root

*meh₂d- (o-grade *moh₂d-)

to meet, approach, encounter

Descendants

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *meh₂d- (meet)

Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: մօտ (mōt)
- Old Armenian: մատչիմ (matčʿim)
  - Armenian: մատչել (matčʿel)
Proto-Germanic: *mōtą (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *mōtijaną (see there for further descendants)

[fort-1] Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, pages 72, 183

[LIV-2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*mad-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 421

[EWAia-3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “MAD”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 299-300

[IEW-4] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “mad-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 694-695

[5] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*m(e)hₐd-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 638-639

[6] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2 *med-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 423-25

[Cheung-7] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*mad¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 253

[8] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*mad-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 251-252

[9] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*matjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 358

[10] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “madeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 358

[11] Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*mad-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 455-457

[12] J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010), “մատաղ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 513a

[13] J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010), “մաճառակ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 504a

[14] J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010), “մաճար”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 504a

[15] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1990), “*mada”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 17 (*lъžь – *matješьnъjь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 118

[16] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μαδάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 889-890