Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷékʷlos

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated derivative of *kʷel- (“to turn”).[1]

Noun

*kʷékʷlos m

wheel
circle

Alternative forms

*kʷekʷlóm
*kʷókʷlos
*kuklós (= *kʷₔkʷlós reanalyzed as containing *-lós?)

Reconstruction notes

This Proto-Indo-European word has been proposed as the source of Sumerian 𒄑𒇀 (^ĜIŠGIGIR, “chariot”), Aramaic and Hebrew גַּלְגַּל‎ (galgal, “anything that rolls; wheel”) (but compare גָּלַל‎ (gālal, “to roll”)), and Proto-Kartvelian *grgar.[1] The similarly shaped Chinese 軲轆 (*guk luk)[2] is only attested in the last few centuries and may be the result of convergent onomatopoeic derivation. Instead, the undetermined 車 (*kla, “chariot” > “car”) may be a borrowing from a descendant form of this root from the spread of the chariot. See Chariot (China).

Inflection

Thematic
	singular	collective
nominative	*kʷékʷlos	*kʷekʷléh₂
genitive	*kʷékʷlosyo	*kʷekʷlósyo
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*kʷékʷlos	*kʷékʷloh₁	*kʷékʷloes	*kʷekʷléh₂
vocative	*kʷékʷle	*kʷékʷloh₁	*kʷékʷloes	*kʷekʷléh₂
accusative	*kʷékʷlom	*kʷékʷloh₁	*kʷékʷloms	*kʷekʷléh₂
genitive	*kʷékʷlosyo	*?	*kʷékʷloHom	*kʷekʷlósyo
ablative	*kʷékʷlead	*?	*kʷékʷlomos	*kʷekʷléad
dative	*kʷékʷloey	*?	*kʷékʷlomos	*kʷekʷlóey
locative	kʷékʷley, kʷékʷloy	*?	*kʷékʷloysu	kʷekʷléy, kʷekʷlóy
instrumental	*kʷékʷloh₁	*?	*kʷékʷlōys	*kʷekʷlóh₁

Descendants

Anatolian:
- (perhaps) Hittite: 𒃻𒆪𒄢𒆷 (^NINDAKU.GUL.LA, “lard biscuit, doughnut”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaklas (< *kʷokʷlos)
- Latgalian: koklys (“neck”)
- Latvian: kakls (“neck”)
- Lithuanian: kãklas (“neck”)
- → Proto-Finnic: *kakla (“neck”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *hwehwlą (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *kʷókʷlos (< *kʷokʷlos) or *kúklos? (< *kʷukʷlos)
- Ancient Greek: κύκλος (kúklos, “cycle, wheel”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakrám (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)
Phrygian: κίκλην (kíklēn) (+ *-ēn)
Proto-Tocharian: *kuk(ä)le (< *kʷukʷlo-)[3]
- Tocharian A: kukäl
- Tocharian B: kokale

References

Mallory, James Patrick (1989) In Search of the Indo-Europeans, Thames and Hudson, →ISBN, p. 163
John Farndon, The World's Greatest Idea, →ISBN, p. 95
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “kokale”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 214

[R:ISotIE-1] Mallory, James Patrick (1989) In Search of the Indo-Europeans, Thames and Hudson, →ISBN, p. 163

[2] John Farndon, The World's Greatest Idea, →ISBN, p. 95

[3] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “kokale”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 214