Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kwep-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*kweh₁p-[1] (LIV)
*kʷh₂wep-[2][3] (Schrijver)

Reconstruction

Most likely innovated root, which appeared in Late Proto-Indo-European. Beekes[4] does not suggest Indo-European origin for the Greek data. Rix (in LIV) reconstructs at least two distinct roots: *ku̯ep- and *ku̯eh₁p- (possibly *keu̯p- also belonging to this family). The Balto-Slavic data is inconclusive - Derksen[2] distinguishes at least two different roots *kwep- (to smell, aroma) and *kʷh₂wep- (to steam, to burn). Proto-Slavic *koprъ (“aromatic one”) and *kopriva (“burning, scalding one”) mix these two senses in the same stem, though.

The root also resembles the wanderwort Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros, “Cyprus”)[5], Latin cuprum (“copper”), which is of Middle Eastern origin.

Root

*kwep- or *kʷap-^?[6][7]

to smoke, to steam
to boil
aroma, strong odor

Alternative forms

*kweb- (attested in Germanic)

Derived terms

*kwḗp-ti ~ *kwép-n̥ti (root athematic Narten present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwḗptei[8]
  - Latvian: kvêpt (“to smell”) (partially, sta-present)
    - ⇒ Latvian: kvêpêt (“to smoke”)
  - Lithuanian: kvė̃pti (“to smell”)‎

*kúp-ye-ti (0-grade denominal ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kúpyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kúpyati
    - Sanskrit: कुप्यति (kúpyati)

*kup-/*kūp-eh₁(-yé)-ti (secondary essive)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūpḗˀtei[2]
  - Lithuanian: kupêt (“to seethe”)
  - Lithuanian: kūpėti‎
  - Proto-Slavic: *kypěti (“to boil up, to seethe”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *kubreti (“to wish”)
  - Old Irish: ad·cobra, accobar
  - Gaulish: cobro-
- Proto-Italic: *kupiō
  - Latin: cupiō (“to desire”)[9]

*kub-eh₂(-yé)-ti (factive)
- Proto-Germanic: *hupōną (see there for further descendants)

*kwob-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *hwapjaną (“to suffocate”)[3](see there for further descendants)

*kwop-ó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kvápas
  - Lithuanian: kvãpas (“aroma”)[10]

>? *kʷap-nó-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kapnós
  - Ancient Greek: καπνός (kapnós, “smoke, steam”)[4] (possibly, but not very likely)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: καπνίζω (kapnízō, “to smoke”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kapnás
  - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopněti (“to melt, to long for”) (denominal stative present) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kʷap-ró-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaprás
  - Proto-Slavic: *koprъ (“dill”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopriva (“nettle”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *koprina (“silk”)

>? *kʷap-ō-s
- Proto-Italic: *kwapōs (possibly)
  - Latin: vapor[11]

>? *kʷap-ú-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kapús (possibly)
  - Ancient Greek: καπύς (kapús, “smoke, steam”)[4]
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: καπυρός (kapurós, “dry”)[12] (extended with -ρός)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kapús
  - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopъtъ (“soot, dim smoke”) (with the partitive extension *-ъtъ) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kup-/*kūp-ró-s
- Paleo-Balkan: (possibly)
  - → Ancient Greek: κύπερος (kúperos, “galingale”)[13] (Pre-Greek)
- Proto-Italic: *kupros
  - Latin: cupras
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūprás (possibly vṛddhi construction?)
  - Proto-Slavic: *kyprъ (“bonny”)

*kūp-ó-s
- ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūpōˀtei (denomial fientive)
  - Lithuanian: kūpúoti (“to initiate boiling”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *kypovati (“to initiate boiling”)

Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Celtic: *kʷeɸ- (“to pant, to breathe”)[14] (possibly)
  - Welsh: peuo (“to roar, to breathe”) (attested relatively late)

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ku̯eh₁p-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 375
Derksen, Rick (2015), “kūpėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 264
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hwapjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 263
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “καπνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 638
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “Κύπρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 805
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ku̯ep-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 375
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “keu̯əp- : ku̯ēp- : keu̯əp- : kūp-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 596
Derksen, Rick (2015), “kvėpti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cupiō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 155
Derksen, Rick (2015), “kvapas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vapor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 654
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “καπυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 640
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κύπειρον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 804
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kʷef-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 176

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ku̯eh₁p-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 375

[Baltic-2] Derksen, Rick (2015), “kūpėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 264

[Kroonen-3] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hwapjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 263

[Beekes-4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “καπνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 638

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “Κύπρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 805

[6] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ku̯ep-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 375

[7] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “keu̯əp- : ku̯ēp- : keu̯əp- : kūp-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 596

[8] Derksen, Rick (2015), “kvėpti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268

[9] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cupiō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 155

[10] Derksen, Rick (2015), “kvapas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268

[11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vapor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 654

[12] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “καπυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 640

[13] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κύπειρον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 804

[14] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kʷef-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 176