Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kr̥snós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *kers- +‎ *-nós or *ker-s- +‎ *-nós. Compare Proto-Celtic *dusnos (“dark, brown”) (see also *dubus (“black”) and *dubnos (“deep; world”)).

Possibly related words:

Lithuanian kéršas (“with black/white spots/patches”), kéršė (“pied cow”) and kiršlỹs (“grayling”)
Swedish harr (“grayling”) < Proto-Germanic *harzuz[1]. See also Proto-Finnic *harjus (“grayling”).
Bulgarian чер (čer, “black”) < *черх (*čerh) like вет (vet) < ветх (veth), if not shortened from черен (čeren, “black”).
In 3+2 anthroponyms: Thracian *kersas.
River name: Hungarian Körös (“Criș”), Fekete-körös (“Crișul Negru”).
Probably unrelated to Proto-Turkic *kara (“black”) and other similar words[2].

Compare "black" (absorbing/without light) names:

burn (soot/char/tan): (*dʰegʷʰ-) Lithuanian dègti (“to burn”) : dãglas (“fire/burn-colored?”), dẽglas (“black-piebald?”)[3], (*gʷʰer-) Serbo-Croatian gȃr (“ashes, cinder”) : gȁrav (“soot-colored, black”)[4], Slovene čad (“smoke/fume, haze”) : čadeti (“to become smoke-like, blackish”)[5], (?*(s)mewg-) Old East Slavic смага (smaga, “fire, flame”) : Russian Church Slavonic смаглъ (smaglŭ, “dark-skinned”)[6].
- See also *kerh₃- (“to burn”)[7], *wer- (“to burn”), *dʰewh₂- (“smoke?”), *h₁óngʷl̥ (“charcoal”), *h₂eh₁ter- (“fire”) and Proto-Dravidian *kār.
dirt/spot: (*melh₂-/*mel-) Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “dark, black”) : Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirt, filth, dust”)[8], Latvian īls (“very dark (pitch-dark)”) : Ancient Greek ἰλύς (ilús, “mud, slime”)[9], (*swerd-) Old High German swarz (“black”) : Latin sordēs (“dirt, filth”)[10].
dark: *(s)ḱeh₃-, *temH-, *merk-/*merHk-, *h₂mergʷ-/*mergʷ-, *h₁regʷ-, ?*dʰewbʰ-.

Adjective

*kr̥snós (non-ablauting)

black
dark, dusky

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*kr̥snós	*kr̥snéh₂
genitive	*kr̥snósyo	*kr̥snéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kr̥snós	*kr̥snóh₁	*kr̥snóes
vocative	*kr̥sné	*kr̥snóh₁	*kr̥snóes
accusative	*kr̥snóm	*kr̥snóh₁	*kr̥snóms
genitive	*kr̥snósyo	*?	*kr̥snóHom
ablative	*kr̥snéad	*?	*kr̥snómos
dative	*kr̥snóey	*?	*kr̥snómos
locative	kr̥snéy, kr̥snóy	*?	*kr̥snóysu
instrumental	*kr̥snóh₁	*?	*kr̥snṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kr̥snéh₂	*kr̥snéh₂h₁(e)	*kr̥snéh₂es
vocative	*kr̥snéh₂	*kr̥snéh₂h₁(e)	*kr̥snéh₂es
accusative	*kr̥snā́m	*kr̥snéh₂h₁(e)	*kr̥snéh₂m̥s
genitive	*kr̥snéh₂s	*?	*kr̥snéh₂oHom
ablative	*kr̥snéh₂s	*?	*kr̥snéh₂mos
dative	*kr̥snéh₂ey	*?	*kr̥snéh₂mos
locative	kr̥snéh₂, kr̥snéh₂i	*?	*kr̥snéh₂su
instrumental	*kr̥snéh₂h₁	*?	*kr̥snéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kr̥snóm	*kr̥snóy(h₁)	*kr̥snéh₂
vocative	*kr̥snóm	*kr̥snóy(h₁)	*kr̥snéh₂
accusative	*kr̥snóm	*kr̥snóy(h₁)	*kr̥snéh₂
genitive	*kr̥snósyo	*?	*kr̥snóHom
ablative	*kr̥snéad	*?	*kr̥snómos
dative	*kr̥snóey	*?	*kr̥snómos
locative	kr̥snéy, kr̥snóy	*?	*kr̥snóysu
instrumental	*kr̥snóh₁	*?	*kr̥snṓys

Descendants

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kiršnas (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥šnás (see there for further descendants)
>? Proto-Albanian: *tšārnā
- Albanian: sorrë (“crow”)

References

Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “хариуз”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
Dolgopolsky, Aharon (2008), “1155. *ḲarhA 'black'”, in Nostratic Dictionary, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, page 1101
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “dheg^u̯h-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 240
Pero Budmani, editor (1887-1891), “gȁrav”, in Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (in Serbo-Croatian), volume 3, Zagreb: JAZU, page 105
Maks Pleteršnik, editor (1894), “čadẹ́ti”, in Slovensko-nemški slovar (in Slovene), volume 1, Ljubljana: Knezoškofijstvo, page 92
Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1912), “смаглꙑи”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎ (in Russian), volume 3: Р – Ꙗ и дополненія, Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 443
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “3. ker(ə)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 571
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “6. mel-, melə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 720
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “īl-, īlu-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 499
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “su̯ordo-s”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1052