Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kréwh₂s

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root noun from *krewh₂-.

Alternative reconstructions

*krúh₂s

Noun

*kréwh₂s[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

blood

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*kréwh₂s
genitive	*kruh₂és
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kréwh₂s	*kréwh₂h₁(e)	*kréwh₂es
vocative	*kréwh₂	*kréwh₂h₁(e)	*kréwh₂es
accusative	*kréwh₂m̥	*kréwh₂h₁(e)	*kréwh₂m̥s
genitive	*kruh₂és	*?	*kruh₂óHom
ablative	*kruh₂és	*?	*kruh₂mós
dative	*kruh₂éy	*?	*kruh₂mós
locative	kréwh₂, kréwh₂i	*?	*kruh₂sú
instrumental	*kruh₂éh₁	*?	*kruh₂mís

Derived terms

*krewh₂-odʰ-i/o-
- Proto-Celtic: *kroudis
  - Old Irish: crúaid
    - Irish: crua
    - Scottish Gaelic: cruaidh
- Proto-Italic: *krowoðos
  - Latin: crūdus (“raw, bloody”)
*krow-yós ~ krow-yóm
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraujas m
  - Lithuanian: kraujas
  - Samogitian: kraus
  - Old Prussian: crauyo, krawian
- Proto-Germanic: *hraiwą n (by metathesis) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krawyám n
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krawyám
    - Sanskrit: क्रव्य (kravyá)

Descendants

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krū́ˀs
- Proto-Slavic: *kry̑ (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *krowos (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *hrawaz (see there for further descendants)

Etymology 2

S-stem from *krewh₂-.

Noun

*kréwh₂s n[1][8][9]

blood

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular	collective
nominative	*kréwh₂s	*kréwh₂ōs
genitive	*kruh₂sés	*kruh₂sés
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*kréwh₂s	—	—	*kréwh₂ōs
vocative	*kréwh₂s	—	—	*kréwh₂ōs
accusative	*kréwh₂s	—	—	*kréwh₂ōs
genitive	*kruh₂sés	—	—	*kruh₂sés
ablative	*kruh₂sés	—	—	*kruh₂sés
dative	*kruh₂séy	—	—	*kruh₂séy
locative	kruh₂és, kruh₂ési	—	—	kruh₂és, kruh₂ési
instrumental	*kruh₂séh₁	—	—	*kruh₂séh₁

Descendants

Proto-Hellenic: *kréwas
- Ancient Greek: κρέας (kréas)
  - Greek: κρέας (kréas)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krawHíš
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krawHíṣ
  - Sanskrit: क्रविस् (kravís)
Proto-Italic: *kruwōs (< collective)
- Latin: cruor (“blood, gore”)

References

Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*kreu̯h₂-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 444-448
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*krū-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 227
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kry̑”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 254
Derksen, Rick (2015), “kraujas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 255
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hraiwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 242
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hrawa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 244
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “crūdus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cruor, -ōris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 146-147
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κρέας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 774

[LIN-1] Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*kreu̯h₂-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 444-448

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*krū-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 227

[3] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kry̑”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 254

[4] Derksen, Rick (2015), “kraujas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 255

[5] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hraiwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 242

[6] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hrawa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 244

[7] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “crūdus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146

[8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cruor, -ōris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 146-147

[9] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κρέας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 774