Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kap-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*keh₂p-[1][2]

Etymology

Unknown; possibly of substrate origin, as evidenced by the a-grade[3], or perhaps onomatopoeic, compare *gʰabʰ- (“to seize”)[4] as so-called "chiming roots"[5].

Root

*kap-[6][7][5]

to seize, hold

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kap-

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *keh₂p-

*kap-yé-ti (“to be seized, held”, ye-present)
*kap-eh₁yé-ti (eh₁ye-stative)[8]
- Proto-Germanic: *habjaną (“to have, hold”) (see there for further descendants)
*káp-eh₂[9]
- Proto-Hellenic: *kápā
  - Ancient Greek: κάπη (kápē, “crib”)
    - ⇒? Ancient Greek: καπάνη (kapánē, “wagon”)
*kap-nó-s (“harbour”)[5]
- Proto-Celtic: *kawnos[5]
  - Old Irish: cúan (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *habnō (< *kapn-éh₂) (see there for further descendants)
*káp-no-s[10]
- Proto-Germanic: *hafnaz (“vessel, pot”)[10]
  - Old Saxon: haban
  - Old High German: havan
    - Middle High German: haven
*kap-e-ló-s
- Proto-Italic: *kapelos (“one who takes”)[11]
  - ⇒? Latin: dis-cipulus (“disciple, pupil; cadet”) (see there for further descendants)
*káp-ōl ~ *kap-én-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kapā́las (“head, skull; bowl”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *hinþō, *hinþǭ[12] (< *kpén-teh₂?)
  - Old English: hion (“skull”)
  - North Frisian: hann (“lobe of the brain”)
*kap-tós (“seized, held”)
*káp-u-ko-s[3]
- Proto-Celtic: *kaɸukos (“cup”)[3][8]
  - Proto-Brythonic: *kọg
    - Welsh: cawg
  - Old Irish: cuäch, cuach, cúach
    - Irish: cuach
    - Scottish Gaelic: cuach
  - → Ancient Greek: καῦκος (kaûkos)
    - → Latin: caucus
*káp-ut (“head”)
*káp-wl̥ ~ *kap-wén-s (“head”)
- >? Proto-Celtic: *kʷennom (< *kpwen-nó-m?) (see there for further descendants)
>? *kā́p-s ~ *káp-s-os
- Albanian:
  - Albanian: (“garden”) (+ -shtë)
    Old Gheg Albanian: kopësht, kopështë
    Tosk Albanian: kopsht
- Proto-Hellenic: *kāpos[13]
  - Ancient Greek: κῆπος (kêpos, “garden, orchard, plantation”)
- ⇒ *kā́p-eh₂
  - Proto-Germanic: *hōbō (see there for further descendants)
>? *kṓp-s ~ *kap-és
- Proto-Hellenic: *kṓpā[14]
  - Ancient Greek: κώπη (kṓpē, “grip, handle”)

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keh₂p-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 344–345
Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 79
Schrijver, Peter. 1997. "Animal, vegetable and mineral: some Western European substratum words". In: Lubotsky, A. Sound Law and Analogy, pp. 293–316. Amsterdam/Atlanta.
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*ĝʰeHb-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 195
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “kap-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 527-529
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*kap-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 270
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “caput, -itis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 91
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κάπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 640
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*habanō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196-197
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “discipulus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 172
Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xenþō(n)”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 169
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κήπος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 688
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κώπη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 815-816

[LIV-1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keh₂p-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 344–345

[2] Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 79

[Schrijver-3] Schrijver, Peter. 1997. "Animal, vegetable and mineral: some Western European substratum words". In: Lubotsky, A. Sound Law and Analogy, pp. 293–316. Amsterdam/Atlanta.

[4] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*ĝʰeHb-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 195

[Sihler-5] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[6] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “kap-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 527-529

[7] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*kap-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 270

[EDL-8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “caput, -itis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 91

[9] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κάπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 640

[EDPG_habanō-10] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*habanō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196-197

[11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “discipulus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 172

[12] Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xenþō(n)”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 169

[13] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κήπος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 688

[14] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κώπη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 815-816