Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃yebʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₃yebʰ-[1][2]

to enter into, penetrate
to copulate

Alternative reconstructions

*yebʰ-[3][4][5]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃yebʰ-

*h₃yébʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)[4]
*h₃yḗbʰ-s-t ~ *h₃yébʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)[4]
- Proto-Tocharian: *yäp-[6]
  - Tocharian A: yäw-
  - Tocharian B: yäp-
*h₃yémbʰ-ti ~ *h₃imbʰ-énti (nasal infix)[4] (< *h₃inébʰ-ti ~ *h₃imbʰ-énti)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyámbdʰi
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hyámbdi
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *āHyámbdi
      - Sogdian: (/āyamb-, āyanp-/, “to pervert, deceive, seduce”)
        Old Sogdian: [Old Sogdian needed] (ʾʾynp-)
        Syriac: [Syriac needed] (ʾymp-)
*h₃yobʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyābʰáyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hyābáyati
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *upaHyābáyati[7][8]
      - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (byʾβydʾh, “to impregnate”, 3sg.impf.)
*h₃yebʰ-o-s[1]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Luwian: *ipaš[9][1]
    - ⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒀀𒋾 (i-pa-la-a-ti), 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒋾 (i-pa-la-ti /ipala/i-/, “left (hand)”)
      - ⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒀀𒋾𒅔 (i-pa-la-a-ti-i[n]), 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒀀𒋾𒂗 (i-pa-la-a-ti-en /ipalāt(i)-/, “sinisterness”)
    - ⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒉺𒈠𒀭𒍝𒀸𒋫 (i-pa-ma-an-za-aš-(ta) /ipama/i-/, “perverted, sinister”, dat.loc.pl.)
    - ⇒ Luwian: *iparuš, *iparwaš[9]
      - ⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒈦𒉿𒀸𒄩𒀸 ([i]-pár-wa-aš-ḫa-aš /iparwašḫaš/)
      - ⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒈦𒉿𒀸𒅆𒅖 c (i-pár-wa-aš-ši-iš /iparwaššaiš/, “western”)
    - ⇒ Luwian: 𒀹𒄿𒉺𒋻𒈠 (𒀹i-pa-tar-ma /ipatarma/, “west”, nom.-acc.pl.)
      - ⇒ Luwian: 𒀹𒄿𒉺𒋻𒈠𒅀𒀭 n ((𒀹)i-pa-tar-ma-ya-an /ipatarmayan/, “westward”, nom.-acc.pl.)
*h₃yébʰ-wr̥ ~ *h₃ibʰ-wéns[4][1]
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *Dzépʰuros
  - Ancient Greek: Ζέφυρος (Zéphuros) (see there for further descendants)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀽𐁆𐀫 (ze-phu-ro /zephuros/, “the west wind”)[10]
*h₃yóbʰ-o-s[4][1]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (epurae-, “to go inside”)
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *dzópʰos
  - Ancient Greek: ζόφος (zóphos)
*h₃éybʰ-eh₂ (metathesis)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *aibō (“family; village, district, region”)[3]
  - Proto-West Germanic: *aibu
    - Old High German: -eiba
      - ⇒ Old High German: Wetereiba
      - ⇒ Old High German: Wingarteiba
      - Lombardic: -aib
        ⇒ Lombardic: Antaib
        ⇒ Lombardic: Burgundaib
Unsorted formations:
- >? Illyrian:
  - → Doric Greek: Οἴβαλος (Oíbalos, “belonging to the birth”)[3]
- → Proto-Semitic: *ʔ-b-y
  - East Semitic:
    - ⇒ Akkadian: 𒁍𒀪𒄿𒌈 (bu-ʾ-i-tum /buʾītu/, “a thing wished, willed, desired”)
  - West Semitic:
    - Central Semitic:
      - Arabic: أَبَى‎ (ʾabā, “to will; to demand; to have aversion for; to reject, to refuse”)
      - Northwest Semitic:
        Canaanite:
        Hebrew: אָבָה‎ (ava, ʾāḇā, “to be willing”)
    - Ethiopian Semitic:
      - North Ethiopian Semitic:
        Ge'ez: አበየ (ʾäbäyä, “to refuse, to be unwilling, to disobey”), አብየ (ʾäbyä)
        Tigre: አባ (ʾäba, “to refuse, not to want; to hate”)
        Tigrinya: አበየ (ʾäbäyä, “to refuse”)
      - South Ethiopian Semitic:
        Amharic: ኣበየ (ʾabbäyä, “to disobey; to revolt”)
        Gurage: ኤበ (ebbä, “to refuse; to disobey”)
    - → Egyptian: ꜣbj (“to desire, to want”)
  [11][12]

References

Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2015), “39”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²: “*i̯ebʰ- → *h₃i̯ebʰ-⁰”
Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2264: “*(h₃)i̯ebʰ-”
Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 298
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*i̯ebʰ-⁰”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 309
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 508
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “yäp-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 537-538
Edelʹman, D. I. (2011), “*i̯ab-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 60-62
Benzing, Johannes (1983), “byʾβy-”, in Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz
Melchert, H. Craig (2001) Lexica Anatolica‎, pages 90—91
Kazanskene, V. P.; Kazanskij, N. N. (1986), “ze-pu₂-ro”, in Предметно-понятийный словарь греческого языка. Крито-микенский период (in Russian), Leningrad (Saint Petersburg): Nauka, page 64 of 207
Blažek, Václav (2011) Indo-European laryngeals in Afroasiatic perspective‎, Brno: Masaryk University, page 5
Blažek, Václav (2012), “Indo-European laryngeals in the light of Afroasiatic”, in The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics and Morphophonemics‎, →ISBN

[Kummel-1] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2015), “39”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²: “*i̯ebʰ- → *h₃i̯ebʰ-⁰”

[2] Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2264: “*(h₃)i̯ebʰ-”

[Pokorny-3] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 298

[LIV-4] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*i̯ebʰ-⁰”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 309

[5] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 508

[6] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “yäp-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 537-538

[7] Edelʹman, D. I. (2011), “*i̯ab-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 60-62

[8] Benzing, Johannes (1983), “byʾβy-”, in Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz

[Melchert-9] Melchert, H. Craig (2001) Lexica Anatolica‎, pages 90—91

[10] Kazanskene, V. P.; Kazanskij, N. N. (1986), “ze-pu₂-ro”, in Предметно-понятийный словарь греческого языка. Крито-микенский период (in Russian), Leningrad (Saint Petersburg): Nauka, page 64 of 207

[11] Blažek, Václav (2011) Indo-European laryngeals in Afroasiatic perspective‎, Brno: Masaryk University, page 5

[12] Blažek, Václav (2012), “Indo-European laryngeals in the light of Afroasiatic”, in The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics and Morphophonemics‎, →ISBN