Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃erdʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*h₂erHdʰ-[1]

Etymology

Possibly reanalyzed root of *h₃er- (“to rise”) +‎ *-dʰh₁eti.[2]

Root

*h₃erdʰ-[1]

to increase, grow
upright, high

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erdʰ-

*h₃erdʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: *ārtk-[3]
*h₃r̥dʰ-néw-ti (nu-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰnáwti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰnáwti
    - Sanskrit: ऋध्नोति (ṛdhnóti)
*h₃r̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰyáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰyáti
    - Sanskrit: ऋध्यति (ṛdhyáti)
*h₃érdʰ-u-s ~ *h₃érdʰ-éw-s[2][4]
- *h₃érdʰu-ko-s[2]
  - Proto-Germanic: *ardugaz[2] (see there for further descendants)
*h₃r̥dʰ-ō-s[5]
- Proto-Italic: *arðōs[5]
  - Latin: arbor, arbōs (see there for further descendants)
*h₃ŕ̥dʰ-tis
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥dᶻdʰiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥ddʰiṣ
    - Sanskrit: ऋद्धि (ṛ́ddhi) (see there for further descendants)
*h₃r̥dʰ-tós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dᶻdʰás (“increased, thriving”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ddʰás
    - Sanskrit: ऋद्ध (ṛddhá)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: समृद्ध (sámṛddha)
*h₃r̥dʰ-wó-s[1][2][6][7][8]
- Proto-Celtic: *ardwos (“high”)[9][6]
  - Old Irish: ard
    - Irish: ard
    - Scottish Gaelic: àrd
  - Breton: arz
  - Cornish: arth
  - Welsh: ardd (“high; hill”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰwós
  - Ancient Greek: ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀵𐀺- (o-to-wo-), 𐀃𐀶𐀺- (o-tu-wo-), 𐀃𐁍𐀺- (o-two-wo- /ortʰwo-/)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *r̥Hdʰwás (“high, upright”)[8] (see there for further descendants) (< laryngeal metathesis *r̥h₃dʰ-wó-s)
- Proto-Italic: *arðwos[6]
  - Latin: arduus (“lofty, high, steep”)
*h₃erdʰ-ro-
- Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰros
  - Ancient Greek: ὄρθρος (órthros)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *orstъ (“growth”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: [script needed] (harduppi)
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: orto

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “er(ə)d- (ₑr(ə)d-), er(ə)dh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 339
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arduga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 33-34
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “artkiye”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 25
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 292
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “arbor, -oris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “arduus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 52
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “όρθός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1101
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “іrdhvá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ardwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 40-41

[IEW-1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “er(ə)d- (ₑr(ə)d-), er(ə)dh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 339

[Kroonen-2] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arduga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 33-34

[3] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “artkiye”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 25

[4] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 292

[DeVaan_arbor-5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “arbor, -oris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50

[DeVaan_arduus-6] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “arduus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 52

[7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “όρθός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1101

[IAIL-8] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “іrdhvá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[9] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ardwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 40-41