Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éwh₂os

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éwh₂os

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

• *h₂éwh₂ō (on-stem)

Alternative reconstructions

• *h₂éwh₂s ~ *h₂uh₂ós[1]

Reconstruction

On the basis of the geminate "ḫ" in Hittite "ḫuḫḫa-", Kloekhorst concludes that it cannot reflect a diphthong, which is contradicted by Eichner's lenition law. Therefore, he argues that an athematic ablauting paradigm should be reconstructed instead.

Noun

*h₂éwh₂os m[2]

1. maternal grandfather
2. maternal uncle

Inflection

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*h₂éwh₂os
genitive	*h₂éwh₂osyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂éwh₂os	*h₂éwh₂oh₁	*h₂éwh₂oes
vocative	*h₂éwh₂e	*h₂éwh₂oh₁	*h₂éwh₂oes
accusative	*h₂éwh₂om	*h₂éwh₂oh₁	*h₂éwh₂oms
genitive	*h₂éwh₂osyo	*?	*h₂éwh₂oHom
ablative	*h₂éwh₂ead	*?	*h₂éwh₂omos
dative	*h₂éwh₂oey	*?	*h₂éwh₂omos
locative	*h₂éwh₂ey, *h₂éwh₂oy	*?	*h₂éwh₂oysu
instrumental	*h₂éwh₂oh₁	*?	*h₂éwh₂ōys

Descendants

• Anatolian:
  • Carian: 𐊨𐊲𐊨 (quq, “grandfather”)[3]
  • Hittite: 𒄷𒄴𒄩𒀸 (ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-as, “grandfather”)[3][4]
  • Luwian:[3][4]

    Luwian: 𒄷𒌋𒄩 (ḫūḫa-, “grandfather”)

    Luwian: 𔕳𔓷 (huha-, “grandfather”)

  • Lycian: 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀 (χuga, “grandfather”)[3][4]
  • Lydian: 𐤨𐤰𐤨𐤠𐤮‎ (kukaś, “grandfather”)
  • Milyan: 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀 (χuga, “grandfather”)[3]
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: հաւ (haw) (see there for further descendants)
• ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *auˀis, *auˀjas (< *h₂éwh₂-i-(o-))
  • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: avynas (“maternal uncle”)
    • Proto-Slavic:
      • Bulgarian: у́йна (újna, “uncle's wife”)
  • Old Prussian: awis (“uncle”)
  • Proto-Slavic: *ujь (“maternal uncle”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *awū (< *h₂éwh₂-on-)
  • ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *awontīr (“uncle”) (+ *-tḗr) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *altrawū (“foster uncle”) (+ *h₂el-tr-)
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Breton: aotroù (“lord”)
      • Cornish: alltrow (“stepfather”)
      • Welsh: athro (“teacher”)
    • Middle Irish: altra (“foster father”)
      • Irish: altra
        • ⇒ Irish: banaltra (“nurse”)
• ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *auyos (< *h₂éwh₂-yo-)
  • Primitive Irish: ᚐᚃᚔ (avi)
    • Old Irish: aue > ó > úa
  • Gaulish: aua (“granddaughter”)[5]
• ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *awô (“grandfather”) (< *h₂éwh₂-on-) (see there for further descendants)
• ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *awǭ (“grandmother”)
  • Gothic: 𐌰𐍅𐍉 (awō)
• Proto-Italic: *awos (“grandfather”), *awā (“grandmother”)
  • Latin: avus, ava (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *awō (< *h₂éwh₂-on-)
  • ⇒ Latin: avunculus (“~ maternal uncle”) (see there for further descendants)
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian B: āwe[6]

References

1. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 411
2. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
3. Bianconi, Michele (2021) Linguistic and Cultural Interactions between Greece and Anatolia: In Search of the Golden Fleece, Leiden: Brill Publishers, →ISBN, page 119-120
4. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 351-352
5. Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 49-50
6. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “āwe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 61