Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éd

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*ád[1]

Adverb

*h₂éd[2][3]

to, at

Descendants

Proto-Celtic: *ad-
Proto-Germanic: *at, *at- (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáH, *HaH-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáH, *HaH-
  - Sanskrit: आ (ā)
- Proto-Iranian: *HáH, *HaH- > *ā, *ā-
  - Avestan: 𐬁‎ (ā)
Proto-Italic: *ad, *ad-
- Latin: ad, ad-, (ap)ud (see there for further descendants)
- Oscan: 𐌀𐌆 (az)
Phrygian: αδ (ad), αδ- (ad-)

Derived terms

*(a)d-sḱ-[4]
- (perhaps) Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ց- (cʿ-)

References

Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1979), “ց”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume IV, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 446a

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “¹ad-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 3
Andrew Byrd, The Indo-European Syllable (2015), page 117: the reader should note that monosyllabic lengthening did not occur in PGmc. *hʷát "what" (< PIE *kʷód; not PGmc. ˟hʷṓt) or *át "at" (< PIE *ád; not PGmc. ˟ṓt), two words of similar shape (Ringe 2006:98).
Major distinctive characteristics of Germanic: phonology: PIE *ád ‘at’ [...] > PGmc. *at

[1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[4] Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1979), “ց”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume IV, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 446a